Attitudes towards gypsies in Ukraine (1989)

The national movements of sub-state national societies are divided into two or three competing political orientations (independentists, autonomists, and federalists), which vary over time. This article compares the process that led to the founding of the ADQ (autonomism) in Quebec, with the process that culminated in the transformation and de facto re-founding of ERC (independentism) in Catalonia during the period 1976–2005. Using the cases of two nationalist parties in two different national movements that have successfully established new political orientations, I analyze the political origins of this form of temporal variation. My outcome variable is the “tipping point” at which these nationalist political parties get established. This “tipping point” was reached through a temporal sequence that evolved in four phases. In each of these phases, a key variable was involved: the existence of a preexistent ideology, the occurrence of a central state constitutional moment, an impulse from the sphere of sociological nationalism, and the consolidation of a new leadership nucleus.     

In search of real justice for Africa and Africans,and her/their descendants in a world of justice,injustices and impunity

Abstract

The quest for justice by Africans and peoples of African descent, wherever they may be in the world, is arguably one of the most daunting mental, psychological, moral, legal and material challenges facing humanity in general, and the peoples of Africa in particular. It is a question of whether African peoples demand justice for the wrongs committed against Africa and its peoples over the last 500 years, or whether Africa and African peoples accept complicity in the global impunity enjoyed by the perpetrators of those injustices, and by doing so diminish the significance of contemporary enthusiasm for global justice. Centralising the question of impunity to date for horrendous crimes, gross human and peoples’ rights violations and other injustices against Africa and Africans is not meant to distract Africans in Africa and the diaspora from the quest, in the 21^st century, for a new Africa that we have a historical responsibility to build and, by doing so, to ensure that the past is not repeated. Acknowledging the wrongs of the past and making symbolic reparative actions for those wrongs are essential for ensuring that the pursuit for a better world of justice is not built on top of underlying sinkholes and on the waste dumps of past injustices. Critical breakthroughs, such as the commitment enshrined in the Constitutive Act of the African Union (2000), on crimes against humanity, war crimes, genocide and the prohibition of unconstitutional change of government, must be vigorously pursued to their logical conclusion. To do so requires an understanding of where Africans, in their relationship with peoples in the rest of the world, are coming from. Smaller parts of the world have experienced similar heinous injustices with impunity, and Africa's pursuit of real justice also applies to those states and their peoples. Corrective or reparative justice is needed to clear the path for the meaningful and honest promotion of real global justice in the making of the future. It is imperative that the making of the African Renaissance confront real global justice for the sake of the past, the present and the future.     

Law reform: in the Commonwealth,in small states and in the Caribbean

This paper first outlines the constitutional methods of law reform in the Commonwealth as a whole, in small states like those of the Caribbean, and in the Caribbean itself. It considers possible ways in which small states, which tend to have especially limited human and financial resources, might still be able to make greater use of independent law reform. The possibilities include the establishment of more Law Reform Agencies (LRAs), and greater regional co‐operation in law reform or even a Regional Law Reform Agency (RLRA). In this regard, it raises several issues for consideration, in its concluding paragraphs.     

列宁社会主义司法独立思想的形成与演进

在领导社会主义的司法建设过程中,列宁阐发了关于社会主义立法、司法与行政三权关系的思想理论。由于受到巴黎公社体制的影响,十月革命胜利初期的列宁主张司法隶属于行政。当苏俄国家转入和平建设时期,司法隶属于行政的弊端显现时,列宁与时俱进地提出司法独立于行政的体制构想,并将这一构想付诸苏俄社会主义的司法体制建设之中。与西方资本主义国家的三权分立互相制衡的体制不同,在列宁的社会主义司法独立思想理论中,立法权、行政权和司法权只是职能的分工不同,司法权和行政权之间相互独立,但两者都受立法权的领导,由立法权产生。根据这一理论,列宁创立了不同于西方的社会主义的司法体制模式。     

试论经济法责任之独立

为了弥补传统部门法解决社会问题的无力,作为经济法逻辑内容的经济法责任的独立是必不可少的。法学界对于经济法责任的独立并没有达成共识,但历史的选择和维护社会公共利益的需要证成了经济法责任的独立。现行经济法规范中散落有许多不同于传统民法、行政法、刑法等法律责任的责任形式,对认识经济法责任的独立造成了纷扰。对经济法责任进行狭义界定,限定确立原则,同时严格的限制经济法责任是一种法定责任,无疑是解决目前经济法责任天马行空而又根基不牢问题,确立其独立性的尝试性路径。     

刑事一审裁判质量保证体系论纲

一审程序是审判程序的核心。刑事一审裁判质量的高下,事关诉讼公正与诉讼效率。公诉案件的一审裁判是在侦查、起诉、辩护、审判各方的共同作用下形成的。任何一方职能萎缩或者得不到充分发挥,一审裁判质量就没有保证。要保证刑事一审裁判的质量,就必须保证侦查、起诉的质量,落实有效辩护,保证合议庭、独任庭正确认定事实和适用法律。     

论侦查机关内设鉴定机构的法律性质

刑事侦查机关内设鉴定机构所从事的司法鉴定活动的法律定性在理论上尚存争议。从司法鉴定的性质看,对鉴定人与鉴定机构的关系剖析基础上论证侦查机关内设鉴定机构实行自然人鉴定人制度．并对其独立性及回避等诉讼程序问题进行探讨。     

刑法解释学的独立品格

刑法解释学属于广义刑法学的一个核心分支学科,并具有自身独立的学科品格。其独立的学科品格包括三个内在的学科独立基本要素和三个外在的学科独立条件。前者是指刑法解释权、刑法解释行为和刑法解释结论;后者包括：狭义刑法学无法涵盖刑法解释学,即刑法解释学不等同于狭义刑法学;广义刑法学本身已昭示了刑法解释学自身的独立性;刑法解释学的产生和发展遵循着法学学科独立的一般性规律。倡导刑法解释学的学科独立品格,其价值在于：推进刑法学的学科应用功能;纠偏刑法学研究者热衷于铸造恢宏的概念化法学架构而忽视刑法应用实效研究的倾向;彰显刑法解释学价值判断的实践属性。     

浅议如何加强审计独立性

审计独立性是注册会计师职业道德准则中最基本的准则。在当今社会,审计独立性受到各方面因素的制约和干扰。本文就其影响审计独立性的因素进行探讨,并提出维护审计独立性应采取的对策。     

环境法学的概念和特征

通过分析传统部门法划分标准的不足 ,归纳提炼出以利益关系作为划分部门法的客观标准。在深入分析了环境问题的成因之后 ,指出环境资源法是以对生态利益的维护和增进为其独立性的基础 ,又具体渗透和表现在环境资源法的目的和调整对象中。