More Than IndyRef2? The Referendums (Scotland) Act 2020

Demands for a second Scottish independence referendum have persisted since 2014. The Scottish government introduced the Referendums (Scotland) Bill at Holyrood in May 2019 to enable referendums within the competence of the Scottish parliament. The Scottish National Party (SNP) government presented this as a framework enabling a range of referendums. Opponents saw this as legislating for a second independence referendum. The act will form a large part of the legal framework and rules for any second independence referendum. Importantly, the legislation provides innovation in electoral law more generally. This article discusses the background to the bill, its initial contents, and debates around and amendments to the bill. It discusses its electoral law innovations, before considering its limitations and place as constitutional debates play out over a second independence referendum.     

《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》与《销售合同公约》货物风险转移原则的牵连性与独立性

《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》作为国际贸易的统一实体法,创设的货物风险转移原则较为笼统性,因而为最新的国际贸易术语统一惯例《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》预留了足够的空间。尽管强制法限制惯例的约定,但两种规则并不冲突,彼此之间相辅相承。秉承公约的传统,同时利用国际贸易惯例的功能,改革与完善国际货物买卖和运输交接货的责任界定与风险转移,是国际商会对于《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》的杰出奉献。     

Break Out of Russia: Miķelis Valters and the National Issue in Early Latvian Socialism

This article deals with the political thought of Mi?elis Valters (1874–1968), whose early writings are considered to contain the first clearly articulated argument for independent and democratic Latvia. Until now, Valters's writings haven′t been analyzed in their own historical and intellectual context, being subjected to Marxist and nationalist ‘proleptic mythologies’ instead. However, such an analysis provides us with important insights about the intellectual origins of Latvian political nationalism. Valters's early argument for independent Latvia derives much from the legacy of Russian narodnichestvo and from German liberal legal theory, rather than from Austro-Marxism, as suggested by previous commentators.     

The politics of de‐delegation: Regulatory (in)dependence in Turkey

This essay explores the rise and decline of regulatory independence in Turkey. Framing the ongoing process of limiting independence of these agencies as the politics of de‐delegation, it raises the question of why Turkish regulatory agencies have become subject to increasing political intervention. Contending that institutional legacies and mounting illiberal predispositions of the Turkish state facilitate the politics of de‐delegation, the essay focuses on centralization, executive discretion, and politicization of bureaucracy as the major institutional legacies. Then it briefly discusses formal and informal mechanisms of political intervention, which have impaired the independence of the regulatory agencies.     

浅谈公安院校学生自控能力的培养

提高公安院校学生的自控力有助于提高公安院校学生严守纪律、防腐拒变能力;有助于提高学生自身修养,培养开拓创新意识;有助于促使学生参与警务化管理,养成令行禁止的习惯。为提高学生的自控能力,公安院校要在严格的警务化管理中,有意识地培养学生较高的思想觉悟;设定适宜的目标期待,激励养成良好习惯;督促专业知识学习,提高文化素养;训练情绪管理,提升心理素质;强化实践锻炼,培养＂慎独＂精神。     

美国的司法独立及其相对性

美国是世界上最早赋予司法独立以完整内涵并真正实施的国家,因而研究美国的司法独立具有重要意义。美国司法独立的理论基础是权力的分立与制衡理论。为保障司法独立的贯彻,美国确立了法官个人意义上的司法独立性和制度层面上的司法独立性,但该原则并非绝对,而是相对的。     

现代司法理念下的法官独立

现代司法理念被人们赋予了时代的新意,使其更贴近现实的生活,成为活的司法理念。本文结合中国的司法制度和实际国情,就“法官独立”这一现代司法理念中最基本的问题进行了探讨,从上下级法院关系、合议庭及审判委员会三个方面出发,指出中国“司法内部独立”——“法官独立”的现状及存在的障碍,试图在现有的制度框架下找出通过法院自身努力就可实现的改良措施。笔者深知,如果司法机关尚意识不到自身独立的重要性,不能尊重法官的独立,又何谈要求来自外部的尊重。法院内部改革的过程同样也是法院自身增强独立意识的过程。     

国际刑事法庭检察官制度及比较

国际刑事法庭检察官制度实行检警一体模式。从纽伦堡国际军事法庭直到国际刑事法院的发展中,检察官有一个从任命产生到选举产生的过程。国际刑事法庭检察官履行职责的基本保障是坚持独立性和公正性。     

三官立而政体立,三官不相侵而政事举——康有为司法理念评议

中国近代维新派代表人物康有为以清末中国司法现状为依据,抨击清末司法腐败,引入西方三权分立制度,呼吁司法改革与司法独立,力图转变清末司法固有模式。虽然结果不尽如人意,但其司法理念对清末的司法改革具有深远影响,其思想和实践经验对于现代司法改革也仍具有启示性作用。     

政策科学视野下我国少年司法政策之完善

我国少年司法政策之完善应遵循独立化的发展路径,并运用政策科学的研究方法。独立化路径是展开政策科学方法的基本前提,而政策科学的科学化方法则是对少年司法政策独立发展的回应。少年司法政策的完善应是以少年司法独立化定位为基础,并围绕着少年司法政策的制定、执行及评估等过程的科学化来展开。