The politics of de‐delegation: Regulatory (in)dependence in Turkey

This essay explores the rise and decline of regulatory independence in Turkey. Framing the ongoing process of limiting independence of these agencies as the politics of de‐delegation, it raises the question of why Turkish regulatory agencies have become subject to increasing political intervention. Contending that institutional legacies and mounting illiberal predispositions of the Turkish state facilitate the politics of de‐delegation, the essay focuses on centralization, executive discretion, and politicization of bureaucracy as the major institutional legacies. Then it briefly discusses formal and informal mechanisms of political intervention, which have impaired the independence of the regulatory agencies.     

美国的司法独立及其相对性

美国是世界上最早赋予司法独立以完整内涵并真正实施的国家,因而研究美国的司法独立具有重要意义。美国司法独立的理论基础是权力的分立与制衡理论。为保障司法独立的贯彻,美国确立了法官个人意义上的司法独立性和制度层面上的司法独立性,但该原则并非绝对,而是相对的。     

现代司法理念下的法官独立

现代司法理念被人们赋予了时代的新意,使其更贴近现实的生活,成为活的司法理念。本文结合中国的司法制度和实际国情,就“法官独立”这一现代司法理念中最基本的问题进行了探讨,从上下级法院关系、合议庭及审判委员会三个方面出发,指出中国“司法内部独立”——“法官独立”的现状及存在的障碍,试图在现有的制度框架下找出通过法院自身努力就可实现的改良措施。笔者深知,如果司法机关尚意识不到自身独立的重要性,不能尊重法官的独立,又何谈要求来自外部的尊重。法院内部改革的过程同样也是法院自身增强独立意识的过程。     

自主性视角下的平台经济非典型劳动者保护

平台经济形态下非典型劳动用工的法律保护宜理性回归劳动法规范目的,顺承"自主性"发展趋势进行"激励性"构建。在互联网平台经济背景下,信息技术发展与市场经济效率追逐进一步融合,使得伦理张力扩大,劳动控制形态"时空"限缩,劳动契约的激励性设计与劳动者自身激励相容,典型劳动关系的"从属性"形式被进一步突破,引发了劳动用工非典型化发展的利益平衡困局。同样,立基于激励相容的制度伦理设计,非典型劳动关系的法律适用应从劳动法规范目的展开,立于"从属性"但也兼顾"自主性"需求。一方面,理论指引层面将制度伦理所需保护法益区分化激励调适;另一方面,"自主性"激励理念的制度实现上,可主要通过职业风险保障、集体协商与声誉激励等社会化机制分别在安全层、能力层与环境层上推进"自主性"底基加固、议价能力提升与竞争性促进等保障措施完善,以促进非典型劳动者基本权益的激励性保护目的实现。     

对实践和认识关系的反思

本文针对现行认识论重实践、轻认识的倾向 ,认为应重视认识的相对独立性和能动反作用问题 ,加强认识的地位和作用的专门论述 ,突出认识、理论对实践的重要性。     

Decoupling trends: Drivers of agency independence in telecommunications: An analysis of high and middle-income countries

Global diffusion of regulatory reforms in telecommunications has prevailed in many countries, engendering major institutional changes and entailing the establishment and/or reform of regulatory agencies. Although the triggers and timing of such agentification processes have been more or less similar, agency independence displays significant cross-country variation. Seeking to explain such variation based on a sample incorporating middle-income countries (MICs), this paper examines the impact of political-institutional settings in which the agencies operate, in addition to the impact of economic parameters. Regression analysis reveals that political rights appear as the central parameter, while their impact is more robust in MICs than in advanced countries. The results underscore considerable cross-national variation in regulatory governance, along with a noteworthy decoupling between MICs and advanced countries. Concurring with the regulatory regionalism perspective, the paper delineates distinct regional clusters, albeit remaining agnostic about the determinants of such clusters.     

Political competition and de facto judicial independence in non‐democracies

This article investigates the role of political competition in explaining de facto judicial independence in non‐democratic regimes. It argues that the electoral, political insurance explanation popular in the study of courts in democracies also offers explanatory power in the autocratic context, despite popular wisdom otherwise: due to the relatively greater risks of losing power in non‐democracies, electoral competition is highly salient when present. This is examined via hierarchical and fixed effects models that show competition strongly associated with increased levels of independence. This relationship is robust to alternative model and data specification, and has strong out‐of‐sample predictive accuracy.     

推而行之存乎人——谈法官行为与司法独立机制的实施效果

司法独立机制的实现受多方面因素的影响,缜密的司法制度,合理的权力配置体制,完善的法律法规等,都对司法独立起着不容忽视的作用.其中起着决定性作用的一环应为人的因素,在假设其他影响因素都达到完善的情况下,法官在执法工作中的法律信仰、专业素质等各种行为都对司法独立机制的实施效果产生着一定的影响.     

论毛泽东的独立自主思想

毛泽东独立自主思想的精神实质是把马克思主义的普遍真理同中国的具体实际结合起来,走自己的路。独立自主地走自己的路,必须在坚持实事求是、群众路线和促使矛盾转化上下功夫,必须确立全心全意为人民服务、敢于创新、敢于胜利、艰苦奋斗和只争朝夕的精神境界。     

论公诉权与法律监督权的非一致性

随着司法独立原则的确立,公诉权制度也逐渐产生和发展起来,但对于公诉权本身的属性界定存在较大分歧,往往在公诉权与法律监督权之间简单地划上等号,这种认识上的误区在实践中存在的弊端表现得越来越明显.因此,结合对集公诉权与法律监督权于一体的司法实践的考察,在对公诉权与法律监督权的非一致性进行研究的基础上,进一步提出公诉权与法律监督权分而设置的构想,以保证司法公正价值目标的真正实现.