CT技术在法医人类学研究中应用的进展

近年来,将计算机断层扫描(CT)等影像学新技术应用于法医人类学个体识别的研究受到国内外法医人类学家的重视。CT具有清晰快速的成像能力以及强大的后处理功能,无需骨骼前处理就能提供高分辨率模型图像,对法医人类学具有重要的研究和应用价值。本文就CT技术在法医人类学研究中应用的进展进行综述,以期为相关研究和实践提供参考和借鉴。     

Confocal microscopy analysis of breech face marks on fired cartridge cases from 10 consecutively manufactured pistol slides

Recent publications from the National Academy of Sciences have called for additional foundational research in the field of firearm and toolmark analysis. We examined test fires from 10 pistol slides with consecutively manufactured breech faces. A total of nine test fires from each pistol slide, for a total of 90 test fired cartridge cases, were compared using confocal microscopy combined with three-dimensional cross-correlation analysis algorithms. A total of 8010 comparisons were performed (720 matches and 7290 nonmatches). The average score for matches was 0.82 with a standard deviation of 0.06. The average score for nonmatches was 0.20 with a standard deviation of 0.03. Additionally, subclass toolmarks were observed on the breech faces, but the presence of subclass was not detected in the correlation analysis. There was no overlap of scores between matching and nonmatching test fires. This provides objective data that support the AFTE (Association of Firearms and Tool Mark Examiners) theory of identification.     

上市公司信息披露对个体投资者行为的影响——基于行为金融的实验研究

在假设我国股票市场中的个体投资者存在非理性的前提下,运用实验研究方法,考察上市公司信息披露对个体投资者投资行为的影响程度。从中发现:个体投资者存在着过度自信的心理,对上市公司信息披露的关注和敏感度不高;从上市公司财务和非财务信息披露的影响来看,个体投资者受前者的影响更显著一些,但不存在过度反应,而对后者则反应不足。这表明应进一步完善我国上市公司的信息披露制度,以尽快得到广大个体投资者的认可。     

尿蛋白酶抑制剂对尿样STR分型的影响

目的研究尿蛋白酶抑制剂(urinary trypsin inhibitor,UTI)对提高尿样STR分型成功率的作用。方法收集男女各5名健康志愿者中段尿,分装后分别添加不同质量浓度的UTI,-80℃保存,于8个不同的时间点进行DNA提取与Identifiler系统STR分型。比较15个STR基因座在不同组别尿样及来自同一个体对照血样的分型结果,计算不同组别尿样STR分型成功率。结果对照血样及保存期限为1 d的尿样15个STR基因座均分型成功,未经UTI处理的女性尿样3 d即发生基因座的丢失,9 d时检测不到任何基因座,而经UTI处理的女性尿样在9d之内均可以检测到15个STR基因座;未经UTI处理的男性尿样7d时检测不到任何基因座,而经UTI处理的男性尿样9d时STR基因座平均检出数约为9个。当尿液保存时间为30d时,经0.2、0.4和0.6μg/mL UTI处理的女性尿样的STR基因座检出率差异无统计学意义,平均为0.840 0±0.042 3,显著高于男性尿样的0.160 0±0.042 3。结论 UTI处理可显著提高尿样STR分型成功率,一定程度上延长尿样用于个体识别的保存期限。     

采用SNP分型方法对甲醛固定组织进行个体识别

目的通过对X染色体SNP遗传标记的检测,探讨甲醛固定组织块的DNA分型策略。方法提取甲醛固定组织块的DNA,在用SinofilerTM试剂盒、MiniFilerTM试剂盒检测未能获得分型结果的情形下,采用多重PCR和飞行质谱技术对X染色体上的51个SNP位点进行分型检测。结果对于常染色体STR、miniSTR分型失败的甲醛固定组织块,X-SNP分型获得成功。结论对于甲醛固定组织块等微量、降解的生物学检材,若常染色体STR基因座分型失败,可尝试进行SNP位点的分型,以获得更多的遗传信息。     

直接扩增法用于重大灾难事故中软骨的个体识别

目的探讨直接扩增法对软骨STR检验的有效性,以提高灾难受害者身源鉴定工作效率。方法采用Power Plex~21试剂盒对88份软骨进行直接扩增法检验,同步进行磁珠法比较分型结果。结果 88份软骨检材中,直接扩增法与磁珠法均成功检出84份检材的STR基因型,两者分型结果完全一致。结论Power Plex~21试剂盒直接扩增法可以应用于软骨STR分型检验,且操作简便、快速,在重大灾难事故身源鉴定中具有很好的应用前景。     

新时期大学生个体行为管理刍议

在新的历史时期,高校的学生个体行为结果管理模式暴露出越来越多的缺陷,需要实施行为过程管理来改善。高校必须对大学生个体行为进行研究,分析其特殊性,找出规律,通过目标导向、激励动机、行为调控与结果反馈等途径,提高学生管理的有效性与科学性。     

强省文化:建设文化强省的起点和归宿

强省文化建设是人的"建设",是对每个个体人文素质的启蒙和培养。文化强省的真义在于民众文化素质的强大,这种素质是包括以博大胸怀、批判精神和价值意义追求为特质的个体自觉。这种由个体担当的、内在的人文素质建设是建设文化强省的起点和归宿,其完成的程度直接决定着文化大省向文化强省跨越的进程和效果。     

TOWARD A BIFURCATED THEORY OF EMOTIONAL DETERRENCE

Since Hobbes (1957 [1651] and Beccaria (1963 [1764]), scholars have theorized that the emotion of fear is critical for deterrence. Nevertheless, contemporary deterrence researchers have mostly overlooked the distinction between perceived sanction risk and fear of apprehension. Whereas perceived risk is a cognitive judgment, fear involves visceral feelings of anxiety or dread. Equally important, a theory explicating the influence of deterrence on both criminal propensity and situational offending has remained elusive. We develop a theoretical model in which perceived risk and fear are distinguished at both the general and situational levels. We test this theoretical model with data from a set of survey‐based experiments conducted in 2016 with a nationwide sample of adults (N = 965). We find that perceived risk and fear are empirically distinct and that perceived risk is positively related to fear at both the general and situational levels. Certain background and situational factors have indirect effects through perceived risk on fear. In turn, perceived risk has indirect effects through fear on both criminal propensity and situational intentions to offend. Fear's inclusion increases explanatory power for both criminal propensity and situational offending intentions. Fear is a stronger predictor than either self‐control or prior offending of situational intentions to offend.     

我国个人所得税制改革再思考

我国已成为WTO成员,其市场经济体制不断完善。然而,令人费解的是,个人所得税制至今却维持原样,未见任何实质性更改。这种现象,既不利国,也不利民,更不利于工薪阶层人员,还有碍于WTO公平原则的有效实施。本文针对现行个人所得税制的存在问题,比较与借鉴发达国家的相关立法经验,提出改革我国个人所得税制的新思路。