作为知识和学问的中国传统美学

作为“知识”的中国传统美学,具有珍贵的历史价值,但是,在当今时代,从传统遭遇现代、中国(东方)遭遇西方(全球化)、精神(人文)遭遇物质(科技)3个方面来看,其现实处境不容乐观。而作为“学问”的中国传统美学,因为审美观念转变和治学方法改变,给研究带来了不利的影响,从而要求学者增强自身文学艺术修养并潜心于学术积累。     

教育与常识

“经验”和“常识”这两个范畴与知识来源、知识的存在状态密切相关。经验、常识、理性和语言逻辑共同建构了人类文化积淀中的各种知识论体系,不管这种知识论体系是“真”是“伪”,都能形成强大的生命力,对教育和人的心智产生影响。因此,教育者和受教育者都必须时刻警惕各种既定的常识和知识论。常识的各种说法和知识论的任何逻辑体系,只有分解成符合健全心智要求并能支撑健康的社会运作的各种准则,才能变成健全的人性追求的普遍价值。     

Academic Achievement and the Self-Image of Adolescents with Diabetes Mellitus Type-1 and Rheumatoid Arthritis

A total of 69 adolescents, 21 with diabetes mellitus type-1 (DM), 24 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 24 controls matched for sex, age, social background, and living environment, were compared by means of their school grades and the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire. The ages of the children at the time of the diagnosis of the disease and its subsequent duration were the same in the DM and the RA groups. Results show that the academic achievement of adolescents with DM who are well balanced and adolescents with RA with mild or moderate symptoms are equal to those of their healthy peers. In the OSIQ scales there were no statistically significant differences between the groups. In the groups of controls, there were more significant correlations between the OSIQ scores and the school grades than those with the DM or RA adolescents. The direction was positive. The correlations of the 3 groups did not differ significantly from each other. In case of adolescents with various kinds of chronic diseases, it is important to support their motivation for learning and planning the future.Medical doctor, specializes in child and adolescent psychiatry. Since gaining her PhD at the University of Turku in 1987, she has also specialized in hospital administration and adolescent psychotherapy. Since 1982, she has been the senior doctor of the Child Psychiatric Clinic of Satakunta Hospital District. Currently she is the head of the Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Turku University Hospital. She has trained both child psychiatrists and adolescent psychiatrists. During the years 1990–1992 she has participated as a postdoctoral fellow in the Clinical Research Training Program for Adolescents sponsored by the NIMH.Experienced Psychologist and Researcher. She received her PhD in neuropsychology at the University of Turku. She is currently a clinical psychologist at the Adolescent Psychiatry Unit of Turku University Central Hospital. She is an expert on neuropsychological test methods and also responsible for teaching their application.     

Influence and the Referee Process

This study examines the influence the referee process has on the development of economic thought. It examines the practices, principles, theories, and methodology involved in the referee process and the development of economic thought. It finds that the complaints against it are difficult, if not impossible, to measure. It identifies a central problem with the referee process, the use of citations to measure both influence and quality. It concludes with a proposal for a different and broader citation index and a call to change the dependence of many decisions on the use of citations.Version 1 of paper given at the Erfurt Conference on Academic Publishing, December 12, 2003     

质疑“命案必破“

以"命案必破"为目标固然在一定程度上有助于提高破案率,但却在根本上违背了马克思主义认识论的基本原理,违背了客观实际,曲解了实事求是原则的本来含义.如果用以指导侦查实践,极有可能导致有罪推定,侵犯犯罪嫌疑人的程序性权利和人身权利,甚至造成冤假错案.     

中国古代天学视野下的刑罚运行

中国古人在对头顶天(星)空的认识上形成了独特的"天学",在"天学"的视野下,一切刑罚的运行一方面既得到以"自然之天"表现出来的"神灵之天"的最有力支持和鼓励,另一方面又受到这个"神灵之天"的制约和监督。在古人对"天"予以最高信仰的语境中,"天"对刑罚运行所体现出来的积极而客观的意义是主要的。     

Nobody Knows Best: Alternative Perspectives on Forest Management and Governance in Southeast Asia

In this paper we propose a framework for understanding how dominant perspectives, or worldviews, influence the crafting of institutions, and how these, in turn, constrain the functions and goals of knowledge systems. Alternative perspectives carry their own set of assumptions and beliefs about who should be making the rules, where the best knowledge lies to guide decisions, and about where more knowledge is needed. Initially, four contrasting perspectives are elaborated: state-, market-, greens-, and locals-know-best. We illustrate the framework by exploring the recent history of forest governance in Southeast Asia, finding several examples of battles of perspectives leading to a new dominant perspective. In each case the dominant perspective itself, old or new, is shown to be defective in some critical way and was, or should be, replaced. The problem is that each of the perspectives considers the world as knowable, manageable, and relatively constant, or at most changing only slowly. Ecological and socio-political crises, however, are recurrent. Management plans and regulations or policies that aim to establish the land-use allocation, the best crop, the best forest management system or the best price or system of incentives, are doomed to failure. If uncertainties are accepted as fundamental, solutions as temporary, and scientific knowledge as useful but limited, then Nobody Knows Best is a modest, but effective heuristic for forest governance.     

“知识革命”理念对教学的启示

面对人类知识量的大量积累和剧增,通识能力同创新能力、学习能力一道,都是学生素质的重要方面."知识革命"的理念为开启学生通识能力和创新能力提供了可行的思路.面对新的理念,教育工作者应当吸收其合理的内涵,更新教育教学观念,改革教育教学方法.     

IBDV感染鸡免疫器官淋巴细胞中细胞凋亡调控蛋白的动态表达

用鸡传染性腔上囊病病毒(IBDV)SNJ93株、BC6/85株、B87株感染SPF鸡后观察免疫器官淋巴细胞中Bcl 2和Bax蛋白的分布定位和动态变化。结果,B87株接种组的腔上囊、脾、胸腺淋巴细胞中这两种蛋白在各检测时间均为阴性反应;SNJ93与BC6/85攻毒组胸腺淋巴细胞中这两种蛋白呈现阴性反应,SNJ93攻毒组腔上囊和脾淋巴细胞在48h即开始出现Bcl 2和Bax阳性反应,腔上囊淋巴细胞内这两种蛋白在感染后72、96、120h呈现明显的强阳性反应,以后开始降低,脾淋巴细胞中这两种蛋白在感染后72、96h出现强阳性反应;BC6/85攻毒组腔上囊淋巴细胞中只在96、120h出现阳性反应,脾淋巴细胞中只在96h呈现阳性反应。用免疫组化法检测Bax和Bcl 2,有可能为IBDV毒力划分增添新的依据。     

Competing Knowledge Systems in the Management of Fish and Forests in the Pacific Northwest

In this paper I investigate the interaction of knowledge and institutions in the context of First Nations in the Pacific Northwest of Canada who have evolved management systems for fish and forest resources over hundreds of years. These management systems are viewed as institutions that are based on and apply knowledge systems over time. In the Nisga'a and Haida nations, knowledge systems guide management regimes that govern access, rights and responsibilities, harvesting, allocation of benefits and costs, technology, education and training. For the past hundred years these institutions and knowledge systems have come into conflict with knowledge and management systems imposed first by missionaries, settlers and colonizers and later from Provincial and National governments and corporations holding tenure rights assigned by those governments. National and international regimes such as the Law of the Seas and the Exclusive Economic Zones conflict with traditional institutions and knowledge systems by privileging one level of governance and consequently one form of knowledge and devaluing others. The paper is based on research conducted in the Pacific Northwest over the past eight years, primarily through interviews with elders, decision-makers, and resource users, as well as observation of cultural and resource practices. The research investigated the impacts of conflicting knowledge systems and the attempts to resolve those conflicts. The paper raises questions about knowledge systems and institutions, about institutional interplay, and the impact of international institutions on local institutions as they come into contact and conflict.