房产税调控商品房市场的效果与对策分析——以重庆、上海、北京为例

我国市场经济发展中商品房市场具有自住需求与投机投资的双重功能,国家为保障百姓生活安居乐业、国民经济协调发展,"新国五条"中通过扩大"房产税"开征范围,以支持自住需求、抑制投资投机行为调控商品房市场,在辩证分析其积极作用的同时,一定要注重其社会负效应的降低。     

从利益平衡原则看知识产权制度生态化

知识产权法是以平衡知识产权人利益与公共利益为基础建立的法律制度。利益平衡原则是知识产权法的基本原则。知识产权制度的生态化是面对环境危机日益严重的现实和环境保护一体化需求下的"回应型"制度现代化。知识产权制度以利益平衡理论作为其生态化的指导思想,阐明"生态化"是对知识产权的环境限制的理论实质。通过建立知识产权生态化的平衡机制,平衡环境公共利益与知识产权人私益的冲突,权衡环境权与知识产权的权利分配,最终实现以环境与经济协调发展为最终目标的知识产权制度生态化的重构和构建。     

债的相对性规则辨析

债的相对性是债的本质规定性,是大陆法系民法区分物权法和债权法的理论基础。债的相对性包括债的主体相对性、债的内容相对性和债的责任相对性。债权物权化和债的保全制度等情形是债的相对性规则的例外,但这些情形只是特例,根本不能动摇债的相对性规则。淡化甚至动摇债的相对性规则的观点是不妥当的。     

旅游合同性质初探

旅游给人们带来了精神生活的享受,同时也带来了诸多问题,一方面由于旅行社违约给旅游者造成损害的问题日益突出,另一方面,合同法确立了无过错责任原则,使得旅游业经营者的经营风险随之增加。文章阐述了旅游合同的范围界定及法律性质等问题。     

The science commons in health research: structure,function, and value

The “science commons,” knowledge that is widely accessible at low or no cost, is a uniquely important input to scientific advance and cumulative technological innovation. It is primarily, although not exclusively, funded by government and nonprofit sources. Much of it is produced at academic research centers, although some academic science is proprietary and some privately funded R&D enters the science commons. Science in general aspires to Mertonian norms of openness, universality, objectivity, and critical inquiry. The science commons diverges from proprietary science primarily in being open and being very broadly available. These features make the science commons particularly valuable for advancing knowledge, for training innovators who will ultimately work in both public and private sectors, and in providing a common stock of knowledge upon which all players—both public and private—can draw readily. Open science plays two important roles that proprietary R&D cannot: it enables practical benefits even in the absence of profitable markets for goods and services, and its lays a shared foundation for subsequent private R&D. The history of genomics in the period 1992–2004, covering two periods when genomic startup firms attracted significant private R&D investment, illustrates these features of how a science commons contributes value. Commercial interest in genomics was intense during this period. Fierce competition between private sector and public sector genomics programs was highly visible. Seemingly anomalous behavior, such as private firms funding “open science,” can be explained by unusual business dynamics between established firms wanting to preserve a robust science commons to prevent startup firms from limiting established firms’ freedom to operate. Deliberate policies to create and protect a large science commons were pursued by nonprofit and government funders of genomics research, such as the Wellcome Trust and National Institutes of Health. These policies were crucial to keeping genomic data and research tools widely available at low cost.

城市最低生活保障家庭收入和财产调查的状况、问题及对策

通过运用民政部在全国九城市进行的"规范城市最低生活保障制度"的调查数据和资料,对基层办保机构调查低保人员收入、财产、隐性就业的方法及效果进行了分析研究;对其在执行低保制度面临的主要障碍进行了梳理评述;对申报对象隐满收入和财产的行为进行了反思;对测评低保家庭收入和财产的指标进行了考察评估。在此基础上,文章对我国现行的城市最低生活保障制度存在的制度性和设计上的缺陷进行了探讨,进而对进一步规范我国城市最低生活保障制度提出了若干对策性建议和思考。     

被执行人财产申报制度的法律适用

新修订的《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》规定的被执行人财产申报制度，在法律适用上应当明确具体而统一的申报主体、适用条件、申报范围、申报时限以及法律责任。     

虚拟财产权的法律性质探析

关于虚拟财产的法律性质,目前主要有否定说、物权说、知识产权说、无形财产说、债权说、新型权利说六种观点。从理论上评析,这六种学说均有不足,虚拟财产符合财产的有效用、稀缺性、合法性等基本属性,属于法律意义上的财产。虚拟财产权既是一种固化了的权利凭证,有权请求运营商提供相应的服务,又不需要对运营商进行任何通知或为其他意思表示而任意处分,因此,它具有债权属性与物权特性。     

论私权的微观构造模式及其在知识产权法中的适用

权利的微观构造理论旨在解决权利体系内部处于各不同层次的权利之间的逻辑关联问题，并以此为参照，构筑和完善一国的法律制度。在私法领域，民法在制度设计上体现了对权利人私有权利的保护和救济，作为民法特别法的知识产权法也不例外。深入分析并揭示私权的微观构造模式，有助于我们厘清诸民事权利体系之间的逻辑关系，建立请求权基础的思考方法，为完善我国民事法律制度提供有益的思想资料。基于对民事法律制度的考察，对于一项具体的民事权利而言，合理的权利构造模式应为原权利、请求权和救济权组成的三元结构，且该三元模式已经得到我国立法和司法的确认。     

巨额财产来源不明罪的现实困境及完善路径

《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(七)》提高了巨额财产来源不明罪的法定刑,符合打击腐败犯罪的要求,也是"宽严相济"刑事政策的体现。然而,巨额财产来源不明罪在现实中仍存在许多困境,为了解决该罪所产生的问题,必须从立法及相关制度方面完善,加大对腐败的打击力度。