刑事和解与刑法基本原则的协调性

刑事和解是一种在非刑罚化、被害人保护、犯罪人再社会化等方面均极具创意的新制度。刑法基本原则是我国刑事司法过程中应恪守的重要原则。刑事和解与刑法基本原则关系问题是完善刑事和解所必需的基础性理论。不容否认,刑事和解与刑法基本原则之间存在冲突,然而系统论证之后可以得出二者间存在着协调可能性且协调性占主导地位。     

论预期违约与不安抗辩的冲突与取舍

为了解决合同生效后至履行前发生在合同履行上的危险,充分体现诚实信用原则及公平原则,避免先履行的一方当事人蒙受损失,不同法系建立了各自独特的相关法律制度。在大陆法系体现为不安抗辩权制度,在英美法系则体现为预期违约制度。《中华人民共和国合同法》借鉴了大陆法传统的基本理论,在第六十八条和第六十九务规定了不安抗辩权制度,同时又吸收了英美法的预期违约制度,在第九十四条和第一百零八条进行了规定。由于两大法系对罗马法的不同继承,产生于不同法律历史传统的类似制度在同一部法律里面很难彻底融合与同化。结果这两种制度在《合同法》中不仅不能够融会贯通,实现立法者所期待的优势互补,相反却造成适用中的冲突和不公等诸方面的问题。如何处理二者矛盾并妥当安排好对债权人履行期待落空的救济途径,本文在分析借鉴的基础上提出相关看法。     

和谐社会视野下突发事件的理性审视

和谐社会并不否认矛盾和冲突的客观存在,承认并正视突发事件在构建和谐社会过程中的存在,是真正实现社会和谐必须具有的理性认识。在认清突发事件的本质及其存在意义的前提下,通过人与自然、人与社会、人与自身关系的角度探讨突发事件的应对思路,促进社会和谐。     

著作权与商标冲突判例检讨

目前,我国司法和执法机关在处理＂在先著作权与在后商标纠纷＂时,采取的是＂保护在先著作权的原则＂。这种司法实践仅仅维护了当下的个别正义,而没有着眼于未来长远的整体效用,不符合法律经济学的财富极大化原则。取而代之应该是＂向前看＂的纠纷解决机制,即事后许可,从而实现利益极大化。     

社会冲突事件的结构紧张理论分析

我国社会的深刻变革,引发了不同社会阶层之间以利益博弈为核心的各种社会矛盾。社会冲突事件的发生除了根本的利益博弈之外,还存在一种结构性的紧张状态,它一方面缘于社会结构自身的紧张;另一方面则是在利益博弈这一目标主导下的手段上的选择。     

Dimensions of Chinese foreign conflict and cooperation: A research note

Key mediation attributes, such as mediating actors, the strategy they choose, and previous mediation experiences, are widely thought to influence the nature of a conflict management outcome. But how and when these features shape outcomes is not a straightforward matter, and a standard analysis of these factors does not lead to their widely anticipated results. Why? We develop a new analytical framework that argues that a dispute's intensity alters the conflict management processes. Furthermore, in order to observe this variation, we also need to expand the traditional, dichotomous notion of conflict management outcomes (success or failure) to include a fuller range of observed results. Using the most recent International Conflict Management data set and our new analytical framework, we analyze the effect on conflict management outcome of mediator (a) identity, (b) strategy and (c) history. We find that directive strategies and international mediators are effective in resolving high intensity conflicts, procedural strategies and regional mediators are effective in resolving low intensity conflicts, and that mediation history always affects resolution. Our results have implications for both the study and practice of international dispute mediation.     

Third-Party Intermediaries and Negotiated Settlements, 1946–2000

Past studies regarding the success and/or failure of conflict management activities have brought about a wide range of results. In this paper we attempt to gain more definitive conclusions about effectiveness by accomplishing two tasks. First, using a basic theoretical framework we identify expectations of efficacy as they relate to differences between states, coalitions, and IGOs. Second, we also examine the utility of different conflict management techniques in an effort to place in greater perspective the effectiveness of mediation, the most utilized technique of third party intermediaries. Using a new dataset on third-party intermediary behavior in militarized disputes from 1946 to 2000, we find that while all conflict managers are useful in assisting belligerents in reaching a negotiated settlement, IGOs are the most effective. Additionally, while mediation is an effective technique to produce settlements, military intermediary actions, such as peacekeeping, are much more useful.     

Politics or prejudice? Explaining individual-level hostilities in India’s Hindu–Muslim conflict

ABSTRACT

Multiple explanations have been proposed for what drives India’s Hindu–Muslim conflict. Harnessing novel approaches to data acquisition and analysis, this paper uses insights from an electronic survey with 1,414 respondents to test three prominent theories of why individuals promote conflict with out-groups. The results show that security concerns for the future are strong predictors for a hostile stance and approval of violence. Experiences of violence in the past do not seem to systematically perpetuate hostility. Personal experiences with out-groups strongly correlate with hostile sentiments. These results hold across model specifications, post-stratified estimation based on census data, and a benchmark relying on Finite Mixture Models.     

Religious Institutionalism: A Domestic Explanation for External Support of Rebel Groups

ABSTRACT

What motivates state support for rebel groups? The literature on state support for rebel groups has made critical developments. In particular, scholarship has shed light on the impact of religious identity links. Less work, however, examines the level of religious institutionalism in external states. I argue that the impact of religious links is conditional on the extent to which religion is institutionalized in the external state. Religiously institutionalized states allow domestic religious forces more space in the political arena, which increases pressure on state leaders to support co-religious rebel groups. Using statistical analysis, I find that the interaction of religious institutionalism and religious links affects the likelihood of support. When an external state and rebel group have religious links, and the external state has a high level of religious institutionalism, the likelihood of support is high. In contrast, without a high level of religious institutionalism in the external state, religious links do not increase the likelihood of support. The relationship is driven by cases where the external and target states do not share a religion. This article contributes to existing literature by moving beyond transnational religious links and focuses on how religious institutionalism increases domestic pressure to support co-religious rebel groups.