作品被转载引发的权利困境及对策研究

该文首先研究了作品被转载过程中引发的相关权利人的作品权利实际所面临的种种权利被漠视和被侵犯的表现。其次,分析了造成上述问题的原因。在此分析的基础上,提出了保护的原创作品的作者权利和首发原创作品媒体的在转载过程中权利的对策。     

论国际河流后开发国家的权利与义务

国际河流后开发国家特殊的地理位置使其对国际河流的开发会对先开发国家的既得利益产生重要影响.国家对位于其领土内的国际水资源享有主权是后开发国家对国际河流享有开发利用权最主要的法理基础,“先占主义”理论在国际实践中鲜获支持,国际仲裁、判例进一步确认了后开发国家开发利用国际水资源的权利和义务.故国际河流后开发国家享有开发利用国际河流的权利,同时也应承担相应的国际责任和义务.我国作为大部分国际河流的后开发国家也应受到启示,以实现国际水资源的可持续利用.     

矿产资源立法的私权化进路分析

整体看来,我国的矿产资源法体系是一个包括行政法、民法和刑法规范的复合体,透射出的主要是公法色彩,无法满足市场经济条件下社会经济对矿产资源开发利用的要求。为此,矿产资源立法中的私权化和矿权的市场化进路不失为求解之道。如果能走得更远,则制定系统的《矿权法》亦未尝不可。     

论治理“过度医疗”涉及的若干法律问题

“过度医疗”涉及多种因素,依法治理应是根本的途径。本文在界定“过度医疗”构成要件的基础上,探讨了所涉及的相关法律问题,包括法律规范的健全、患者权利的保护及新型医疗模式的构建等。     

Los alcances del control judicial en la expropiación

The declaration of public use in takings is, in most constitutional systems, a guarantee every individual has against the power of the State to seize his or her property. The institute is of fundamental importance for the protection of (other) individual guarantees from the expropriatory power of the State. However, our Supreme Court’s traditional precedents do not allow its judicial control. This paper analyses what is public use and what is the reason for its importance. Then, it shows that the Supreme Court’s criteria have varied the matter, containing in its development an important exception and several ambivalences. Finally, it explains why it is more adequate to our constitutional principles, to the rights our Constitution grants and to the very nature of the institute of takings for the declaration of public use to be subject to judicial control.     

人格权法独立成编的体系效应之辨识

就终极意义而论,说人格权为宪法权利抑或民事权利均属不当。但自实证法而言,究竟是由宪法,还是由民法来规定人格权,这只是一个法律分工问题,并不涉及任何价值判断。只要我们继续采取立法导向的规范化思路,则人格权的民法化就是必要的。自然人对其人格要素享有支配权,并且在现代社会中,人格权的商业化倾向也使得人格权与自然人间发生了主动分离,这就说明人格权已经不能再寄居于自然人编了。从《侵权责任法》的定位和人格权的特征及其现实需求来看,人格权法也不宜为《侵权责任法》所涵盖。因此自体系而言,未来我国的民法典应当继承《民法通则》的传统,坚持人格权法独立成编的体例。     

权利平等是收入分配改革的长效工程

收入分配改革的命题不是简单的收入＂差距＂问题,而是人与人之间的收入＂公平＂问题。公平分配是以权利平等为依据的,有多少权利就能获得多少收入;权利决定收入,权利不平等则收入分配就不可能公平。收入差距与地区之间、行业之间、职业之间、级别之间的权利不平等直接对应;权利,在内容上按经济市场、公民社会以及政治国家三大领域归类,在结构上按归属权和行使权划分,则可以发现形式上平等而实质上不平等或者相反的特性。收入的公平分配,关键是从多方面保障人与人之间的权利平等。     

供述自愿性的权力保障模式

在我国,通过权利保障维护供述自愿性的理论构想并未透过现行刑事诉讼法全面体现。在供述自愿性的权利保障模式之外,还存在通过外部权力制衡审讯权力,从而间接维护供述自由的权力保障模式。以侦讯的“基本有效性”为外部限度,供述自愿性的权力保障模式应具备如下特征：审讯时间方面,审讯只能在白天进行,且不能持续太长时间,两次审讯之间应有保障受审人饮食和睡眠的必要时间;审讯空间和审讯主体方面,以“平行式”空间布局为基础,配之以独立、尽责的场所管理者;审讯工具方面,应配置自动化的或由审讯场所管理者独立操作的审讯记录、监控设施。新刑诉法和警务机制改革不同程度地体现了权力保障模式的基本内容,但单一的权力保障模式不足以解决强迫性审讯的所有问题,保障供述自愿性的理想模式应当是权利保障机制与权力制衡机制的有机结合。     

Equal reproduction rights? The right to found a family in United Nations’ disability policy since the 1970s

ABSTRACT

With the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) in 2006, disability as an issue of human rights and international law can no longer be ignored. The history of this convention can be traced back to the 1970s, when disability was framed in United Nations (UN) declarations as a human-rights issue at the global level. One of the recurrent topics of debate during this trajectory was the right of people with disabilities to found a family. This right was far from self-evident and was evaluated very differently by various stakeholders.

This study follows the right to have a family in UN disability policy since the 1970s. The history of the family in relation to disability at the global level has been a neglected field of enquiry compared to other concepts such as gender and race. This study investigates how and why the right to found a family was framed in the Declarations on the Rights of Mentally Disabled Persons (1971) and Disabled Persons (1975), the International Year of Disabled Persons (1981), the International Decade of Disabled Persons (1983 ? 1992), the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities (1993) and the UNCRPD in 2006.

The trajectory of the right of people with disabilities to found a family that emerges from these cases shows a change in the 1990s from a social-policy to a human-rights approach towards disability – which reflects a broader trend in global and local histories of human rights. In the case of reproductive rights of people with disabilities this change meant that the emphasis was laid more on providing a legal protection for the individual against the interference of others (so-called negative freedom) than on enhancing the opportunities for disabled people to practice their (positive) freedom.     

城管执法的人权标准和权利保障

近年频发的城管暴力执法事件,折射出我国城管违法执法的普遍存在。究其根源,与城管执法以人为本理念缺失密切相关。在执法过程中,应树立以人为本的执法理念,既要实现维护公共利益的执法目的,又要考虑行政相对人基本人权的保障。在重塑执法理念的同时,只有对相关制度予以完善,优化执法队伍、注重柔性执法手段的运用,健全权力监督机制和权利救济机制,才能真正实现城管执法的法治化。