重构我国土地征用制度的思考

土地是农民最基本的生产要素,也是农民最重要的财产,是农民祖祖辈辈赖以繁衍的物质基础。土地征用作为一种涉及农民土地重大权益的措施,是指国家为了公共目的而强制取得其他民事主体的土地并给以补偿的一种制度。由于现行的土地征用制度形成于计划经济时代,其赖以存在的制度环境已经转变,不适应性和滞后性日益凸显,在现实中暴露出制度绩效低下等一系列问题。     

Liberation regimes and land reform in Africa. Land politics transcending enmity in South Africa

Truthfulness, the norm of science, is etymologically related to trust. Both concepts are related to ‘tree’, as a symbol for grounded knowledge, for differentiation (the tree of knowledge), for uprightness and reliability (Searle, 1995). Truthfulness generates trust. Trust generates community. The land politics and trust project in South Africa (Askvik and Bak, 2005) investigated how trust relations intervened within and between government institutions engaged in redistribution and management of land. It enquired into trust relations between the land state and stakeholders in land. It assessed how the new ANC‐controlled state intervened into the relation between market‐oriented urban industry and subsistence‐oriented livelihoods on communal land. Could that intervention explain the slow pace of land redistribution? The field work was done in the Northern and the Western Cape provinces. A hypothesis is that unconditional personal trust across institutional boundaries is a condition for post‐colonial, post‐liberation community building. In 2001, aspects of political democracy were in place. Trust relations between government institutions and to stakeholders in land varied, but were limited. Trusted mediators between the institutions, across cultures, were few and far apart. Subsistence‐oriented livelihoods on communal land were there to be transformed to commercial farming. The three‐step Government strategy, growth in the urban economy, commercialisation of rural subsistence production and rural welfare from the urban surplus, augmented separation, disbelief and distrust. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土地资源可持续利用的几个问题

土地资源的可持续利用是农业可持续发展的基础,没有土地的可持续利用,就不可能有农业的可持续发展。我国目前人口众多,耕地相对短缺,又处在工业化快速发展阶段,积极探索土地资源的稳定高效和永续利用就显得特别重要。     

城镇化进程中农村征地补偿制度的思考

我国现行的农村土地征收补偿制度存在着许多弊端，土地征用补偿标准偏低且有失公平，征收范围过宽，征地目的超出“公共利益”的范畴，土地征用补偿范围偏窄，补偿方式单一，补偿金额直接由政府决定，农民无参与权，缺乏民主程序；征地补偿费的分配依据不完善等。完善我国现行土地征收补偿制度，应遵循市场原则，提高征地补偿标准；用法律来明确“公共利益”；建立和完善补偿纠纷仲裁机构和司法渠道；合理分配征地补偿费用。     

农民集体土地权益维护制度亟待创新

计划经济时代沿用至今的模糊的农村集体土地产权制度，使得土地一级市场征地与二级市场供地之间形成巨大利差，诱导地方政府乐此不彼地过度行使征地权。在国家作为土地权形式上的管理者缺位，农民又无权维护自身土地权益的制度安排下，造成了耕地资源流失的难以遏制。对此，及时进行土地产权制度创新，让农民能真正维护自己的土地权益，成为从源头上保护我国有限的耕地资源的最佳路径选择。     

Genro Rule in China and Japan: A Comparative Perspective

For a time in both Japan (roughly 1890–1915) and much more briefly in China (about 1987–1992), major political decisions were made by cohesive groups of retired elders of the founding generation. Necessary if not sufficient conditions for rule by elders include a closed system, with the elite not held responsible to a wider public; and a constitutional or practical vagueness about the locus of final political authority. The more general pattern in such systems is personal dictatorship, with rule by elders as an alternative when cultural or political conditions stand in the way of one-man rule. This essay explores the pattern, conditions, and characteristics of rule by elders in China and Japan as genro rule serves as an alternative to one-man rule in generational transitions in political regimes with a relatively cohesive ruling group and a weak institutional structure. Peter R. Moody, Jr. is professor of political science at the University of Notre Dame and he specializes in the study of Chinese politics. His more recent books include Tradition and Modernization in China and Japan, Political Change in Taiwan, and Political Opposition in Post-Confucian Society. He is editor of China Documents Annual and book review editor for the Review of Politics. He has written on Chinese politics, Asian international affairs, Chinese political thought, international relations theory, and theory of political parties.     

我国农村集体土地流转状况与法律规制研究——以山东省济南市为例

农村集体土地流转包括土地承包经营权流转和集体建设用地使用权流转。尽管政策和立法均在鼓励土地承包经营权流转,但受制于各种原因,目前土地承包经营权的流转仍然处于非常低级的阶段。日渐兴旺的集体建设用地使用权的流转,由于缺乏法律的支持,则一直处于一种无序的状态。因此有必要尽快对集体建设用地使用权的流转进行立法规制,并进一步完善土地承包经营权的流转。     

退耕还林与征地制度：比较与启示

退耕还林、征地制度的实施对象均为农民,目标均为改变农地用途,绩效却大相径庭.制度设计差异是制度绩效差异的根源所在.这两种制度设计在补偿的公平性、合约的可逆性、土地产权的转移、农民自愿性程度、政府收益、自我雇佣等六个方面存在着差异.我国征地制度改革应遵循以下思路进行:征地补偿应按区片综合价以求公平;应考虑农地对农民的多种效用进行足额补偿;向农民提供连续收入流以切实保障农民生活;建立城乡统一的土地市场使农民意愿能够真正表达;通过征地收益的转移支付内化生态生产或破坏的外部性;缩小征地范围,非公益用地可以通过农地租赁、入股、合营来解决.     

农地使用权流转制度探析

现行有关农村土地承包经营方面具体法律制度的缺陷,不利于农地使用权的流转和农地使用权的保护,通过对现行法律制度的分析,构想以物权立法来规范农地使用权及其流转,以促使农地使用权能够健康、有序地流转。     

农民土地承包经营权的新法律保障——农村土地征用制度改革探微

农民的土地承包经营权,既是农民的一种生产资料用益物权,又是国家赋予农民的一种土地使用权,近年来,随着工业的发展和我国城市的扩张,农民的土地承包经营权受到严重经害,加快农村土地征用制度改革,落实<宪法>(修正案)的新精神,依法保护农民的土地承包经营权,已成为广大农民的心声和法律界的共识,为此,本文就农村土地征用制度改革的必要性、应确立的几个原则及农民土地承包经营权的保障问题进行了一些法律探讨,认为应以保护公民合法私有财产的立宪精神去推进农村土地征用制度改革,使农民真正事有对土地承包经营权的财产权力,在土地征收、征用中依法获得"公正补偿",从而使失地农民生活得到基本保障.