An osteometric study of northern Indian populations for sexual dimorphism in craniofacial region

Sex identification is an initial crucial objective in the revelation of the complete identity of the human skeleton as it also renders significantly clearer guidance towards age and stature estimation. Population specific standards are of great practical relevance in the present era of increasing population intermixing. Size differences and robusticity are the two well-elaborated pillars holding most of the dimorphic burdens of the skull. This study is designed to explore dimorphic characteristics of the craniofacial region to establish anthropometric standards for contemporary North Indian populations, which have not been available so far. One hundred and twelve adult crania of known age (23-65 years) and sex (M:F; 82:30) were collected in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Ten standard metric parameters of craniofacial region were measured and subjected to stepwise and direct discriminant function analysis employing SPSS 16.00. Bizygomatic breadth emerged as the single best parameter in stepwise analysis, providing an average accuracy of 85.5%.     

Discriminant function analysis for sex assessment in pelvic girdle bones: sample from the contemporary Mexican population

Sex assessment of skeletal remains plays an important role in forensic anthropology. The pelvic bones are the most studied part of the postcranial skeleton for the assessment of sex. It is evident that a population-specific approach improves rates of accuracy within the group. The present study proposes a discriminant function method for the sex assessment of skeletal remains from a contemporary Mexican population. A total of 146 adult human pelvic bones (61 females and 85 males) from the skeletal series pertaining to the National Autonomous University of Mexico were evaluated. Twenty-four direct metrical parameters of coxal and sacral bones were measured and subsequently, sides and sex differences were evaluated, applying a stepwise discriminant function analysis. Coxal and sacra functions achieved accuracies of 99% and 87%, respectively. These analyses follow a population-specific approach; nevertheless, we consider that our results are applicable to any other Hispanic samples for purposes of forensic human identification.     

论证券集团诉讼之功能

美国集团诉讼已介入到劳资纠纷、环境污染、产品责任等公共事务领域并产生重要作用。证券集团诉讼具有损失填补、威慑功能、教育功能、监督功能、政策形成功能等,这些功能是其作为法律制度存在的根本依据。我国应仔细考量美国证券集团诉讼制度的价值及功能后,再结合本国的法律和文化、资本市场的发展状况、政治体制等将集团诉讼制度移植到现有的法律体系中。     

以党的十八大精神为指针,加快建立基本公共服务体系

党的十八大报告指出,基本公共服务体系是中国特色社会主义社会管理体系的重要组成部分,"必须加快建立政府主导、覆盖全民、可持续的公共服务体系。"这一论断指明了建立基本公共服务体系的紧迫性,因此,在实践中必须明确政府在基本公共服务体系中的责任和职能定位,以提高全民福祉为最终目的推进基本公共服务均等化,转变政府提供公共服务的方式,构建多元的、多层次、多样化的公共服务供给体系。     

Functions of China＇s Civil Pretrial Procedure

我国长期以来秉承庭审中心主义,对于庭审前程序的功能仅定位为为庭审做准备。但当下审前程序的功能已经由单一的准备功能发展为包括准备、化解纠纷等在内的复合型功能,即由为开庭审理做准备以保证诉讼的顺利进行,发展为提供了一个无须审判而结束案件纠纷的解决途径。由此,我国的民事庭审前程序应当具有疏松减压、导向庭审、化解纠纷、整合救济资源与保障社会救济以及彰显庭审前程序价值的功能。     

大调解与我国基层法院的功能——以湖南两个县的土地纠纷调查为例

乡土社会的纠纷解决一向以提倡基层调解为主,诉之法院,又以另一种形式的调解替代,因此,我国当下"大调解"的核心其实在于法院调解。但是,我国基层法院在现有的国家权力架构中,在无法保持独立性的实际压力下,面对正式法律与民间习惯的矛盾,无法完成他们被期待的功能。多重角色的压力使他们不得不强调调解,以调解的方式来回避刚性矛盾,以保持合法性。实际上,法院如果无法解决规则之治的问题,它就无法真正实现纠纷解决,而仅仅是纠纷解决道路上的一个驿站。     

实践中的刑事一审期限:期间耗费与功能探寻——以S省两个基层法院为主要样板

透过审限耗费角度的实证研究可以发现,我国基层法院刑事审判程序具有如下特征:庭前程序的"事务化",庭前程序沦为纯粹的案件管理活动;庭审程序的"速审化",庭审时间耗费少,庭审节奏明快;庭后程序的"中心化"与"间隔化"。传统观点认为,我国刑事审限制度具有人权保障和效率提升功能。通过比较和实证的考察发现,我国"贯通式"审限的真实功能为通过监控法官的审理行为,达到塑造与行政化司法制度结构相契合的审理主体的目的。     

“混淆之虞”,抑或“显著性受损之虞”?——对我国商标侵权认定标准的再思考

虽然目前学界提出的"混淆标准"与"显著性标准"均可在一定程度上为商标侵权的认定提供理论支撑,但却均存在对商标权人的利益保护不够周延的问题。鉴于商标功能是商标赖以存在的基础,对商标权利益边界的划定应当建立在对商标功能进行整体把握的基础上。为此,我国应在商标法中设置有关商标侵权认定的一般性条款,并在其中突显对商标功能的维护。     

Testing the effectiveness of two cranial base foramina for metric sex assessment of fragmentary remains

Sex differences in linear and area dimensions of the foramen ovale and external opening of the carotid canal were analyzed in a documented French sample (35 men and 32 women). The results demonstrated that a low level of sexual dimorphism is present in the cranial base foramina of this sample, with only two-thirds of the examined variables exhibiting statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the sexes. The cross-validated sex classification accuracy rates obtained for univariate and multivariate discriminant functions ranged from only 54.7 to 72.1%. In addition, measurements of the cranial base foramina were found to be difficult to record with precision, with intra-observer error percentages ranging from 2.35 to 4.23%. Error rates of this magnitude may result in the misallocation of specimens. Therefore, osteometric analysis of the foramen ovale and carotid canal external opening cannot be recommended as a useful method for cranial sex assessment in this population group.     

关于工会履职问题的思考

工会是劳动关系的产物,只要存在劳动关系,工会就有其存在必要。但这并不等于说,有了这种必要,工会地位就会自然提高,其地位之高低,尚与其职能履行质量的高低紧密相关。因此,工会要对国内外发展形势依势有一定预见性;在突出维护过程中强调主动维权;强调维权之同时还不能忽视全面履职;同时,要在新的历史时期不断创新工作思路。