“推定”和“视为”之语词解读?——以我国现行民事法律规范为样本

立法层面观察,"推定"和"视为"语词频繁适用于我国法律规范中。学界和实务界普遍认为两语词表达的分别是法律推定和法律拟制制度。然而,以我国现行民事法律规范为样本进行分析,却发现"推定"和"视为"语词并非与法律推定和法律拟制相对应:"推定"大多表达法律推定,但也表达法律拟制和注意规定;"视为"大多表达法律拟制,但也表达推定制度和注意规定。立法层面法律推定、法律拟制和注意规定语词适用的混乱状态必将导致司法层面对于"推定"和"视为"语词的解读困境。因此,应当在厘清法律推定、法律拟制和注意规定本质的基础上,用统一、明确的语词进行相应的制度表达。     

浅析醉酒驾驶行为的法律规制

醉酒驾驶行为的法律规制应追求自由、秩序和正义的价值,以实现对醉酒驾驶行为的遏止。但现实中,醉酒驾驶行为的法律规制因行为的多发性、饮酒的习惯性和制裁的限制性而存在一系列困境,因此在司法实践操作中,需破除对刑罚威慑作用的盲目笃信,在刑法与行政法的顺畅衔接和危险驾驶罪增设资格刑的同时,仍需社会力量的配合。     

证券诉讼在中国:适用前景与改进方略

作为证券市场中的一种纠纷解决和法律执行方式,诉讼的优点包括市场相容性、灵活性、分散性、公开性等。尽管其功效受到了制度性的压抑,但要在中国进一步展开证券诉讼,已经有了相当的制度和学理准备;从现实环境看,诉讼的展开也会对社会秩序产生较为积极的影响。在推进完善诉讼机制时,要注意克服法院层面的制度性消极因素;通过公权和私权结合的方式来推进,以契合中国国家权力主导的基本格局,加强改革的可行性。     

浅析对一人公司的立法规制

大多数国家和地区的公司法对形式一人公司都予以承认,但基于各个国家和地区的立法传统不同,对一人公司的承认模式不尽相同。我国于2005年修订的《公司法》对一人有限责任公司作了较为详细、具体的规定,从而将一人公司纳入法律的规制中。一人公司制度的引入,不仅反映我国市场经济发展和企业维持的迫切需求,也是对世界公司立法潮流的顺应。     

宽严相济刑事政策的展开

宽严相济刑事政策具有开放的空间,但需要立法者、司法者和执行者在刑法基本原则的制约之下展开其具体内容。宽严相济刑事政策应当首先作为刑事立法政策指导刑事立法,而刑事立法政策、刑事司法政策和刑事执行政策应当放在整体的刑事社会政策中考察,在有关犯罪人人权保障和被害人被害补偿的刑事社会政策中进一步展开宽严相济的刑事政策。     

艾滋病歧视问题的法律探究

我国艾滋病(A ID S)歧视现象较为严重,主要包括艾滋病医疗歧视、就业歧视、教育歧视等歧视类型。目前,我国反艾滋病歧视法律制度还存在诸如立法理念落后、立法体系不完善,缺乏对艾滋病歧视的界定和法律责任的规定,司法救济力度不足等问题,加强我国反艾滋病歧视法律制度建设,应更新立法理念,完善立法体系,加强宪法监督,规定歧视者的法律责任,不断加大司法保护力度。     

网络规制立法问题研究——以言论自由保护为视角

在网络规制过程中,既要实现秩序与安全又要保障公民的言论自由.以言论自由保护为视角观察我国网络规制立法存在的问题会发现,目前,在网络规制立法领域存在立法层级低、立法主体混乱以及立法程序欠缺民主要素等问题.本文分析了网络规制立法的必要性以及存在的问题,并提出了相关的解决思路.     

Oversight Effectiveness and Political Will: Some Lessons from West Africa

The purpose of the present note is to advance two theoretical claims. The first claim proposed is that the impact of the availability of oversight tools and of the most broadly understood legislative capacity (availability of material, technical, financial resources; availability of well-trained staff) on the effectiveness with which legislative oversight is performed is conditional. The second claim put forward, after reviewing a rich body of work on executive–legislative relations and legislative oversight in West Africa, is that, of the various conditions that promote or prevent the effective use of oversight tools and capacity, political will is the single most important. These claims have both theoretical and practical relevance, for if political will is as important as is claimed for the effective performance of the oversight function, then international organisations may have to reconsider their approach to legislative strengthening.     

Friendship,Courting, and Engagement: Pre-electoral Coalition Dynamics in Action

The literature on pre-electoral coalitions (PECs) still relies heavily on comparative statics to gauge whether a PEC is likely to form and/or its effects on government formation. However, less is known about the behavioural dynamics of PECs. The dynamics of the recent 2009 PEC between the Socialist People's Party and the Social Democrats in Denmark are assessed. Elaborating on the signalling hypothesis, it is argued that coalition members over time must show their ability to vote together in parliament in order to establish a credible commitment. Empirical support is found for this take on the signalling thesis. It was also found that the distance between the parties narrows before the formulation of the PEC, and distinct phases in the process are pointed to, which the authors coin ‘friendship’, ‘courting’, and ‘engagement’. Finally, alternative explanations are assessed and the question of which party of the PEC would have to change voting patterns in the inter-party coordination process in order to become 'office-fit' is addressed. It is concluded that PECs have a systematic effect on the members' parliamentary voting behaviour and that they serve as a preparatory signalling device for opposition parties with office ambitions.     

Institutional Determinants of Legislative Turnover in the German State Parliaments: 1947–2012

More than 60 years of turnover data were collected to draw a unique picture of membership circulation in the German state parliaments between 1947 and 2012. The empirical study draws on new institutionalist theories in search of variables that might complement electoral volatility in explaining turnover patterns in sub-central Germany. Five institutional variables are tested using hierarchical models. From the substantial set of 196 elections, several robust conclusions can be drawn. The level of legislative turnover is affected by the length of the electoral term, professionalisation and institutionalisation of a legislature, and by changes in parliamentary size. By contrast, the small range of electoral system variation does not add anything to the explanation of variation in aggregate turnover rates at the German sub-central level.