冷战时期美国的军事战略与军事思想

冷战时期,美国形成了为其全球战略服务的各种军事战略,包括"遏制战略"和各种核威慑战略,如大规模报复战略、灵活反应战略、限制损伤战略、确保摧毁战略、现实威慑战略、总体威慑战略、有限核威慑战略和新的灵活反应战略。与此相适应,军事思想也发生了很大的变化,强调"空军第一"、"争夺制海权"、"质量建军",并形成了新的作战思想。这些战略和军事思想使美国赢得了冷战的胜利,但是也产生了许多问题。     

A history of drones: moral(e) bombing and state terrorism

This article argues that an historical investigation of air power makes possible the critique of current regimes of drone surveillance and bombing as a practice of state terrorism. By identifying certain key themes regularly used in terrorism studies for the classification of violence as “terrorism”, this article shows that early air power theorists understood military aircraft as essentially instruments of terrorism. A central argument permeating these theorists’ conception of air power was that the military value of aviation lay in its capacity to target the enemy’s population and, by means of bombing, generate a significant “moral effect” – that is, a psychological effect against the morale of civilians. This strategic formula constituted a central component of British air control schemes during the interwar period, where terror bombing was deployed systematically in order to control and pacify colonial populations. In arguing that widespread and long-lasting terror remains an inalienable feature of air power, this article concludes with a call for a critique that accounts for the fact that current deployments of armed drones – for instance, the US “targeted killings” programme – effectively reproduce these historical and material conditions of terrorist violence.     

兰州市大气污染及其调控

分析了兰州市的大气污染特征,从自然和人为２方面探讨了大气污染的成因,指出兰州市大气污染治理面临的一系列矛盾和问题,并从产业发展、工程治理、环境管理等角度提出了相应的调控措施。     

航空器上法律事实与行为法律适用问题比较研究

航空法是一个复杂的法律部门,既包括公法又包括私法,既包括国际法又包括国内法.航空器高速飞行和跨界运输的特点,加之各国航空运输领域民事责任立法之间的歧异,不免引发国际航空运输有关法律关系的法律冲突.华沙公约体系也只是在有限的范围内仅仅调整航空运输责任,大量案件的处理需要由冲突规范指引.受海商法的影响,航空法中的国旗国法原则逐渐被各国实践及公约所接受,但是,与船舶主要航行在无主权存在的海域航行不同,飞机主要在主权国家的上空,所以航空器上的事实与行为能在多大范围内适用国旗国法原则是一个亟待解决的问题.主要从国际私法层面对航空器上发生的事实与行为的法律适用规则中的国旗国法原则及例外作初步探讨.     

城乡居民收入分配现状及其对策的思考

建国以来 ,我党一直在为提高人民的生活水平而努力 ,其中有很多宝贵的经验和深刻的教训 ,特别是 1978年改革开放以来 ,我国居民个人收入总量急剧增加。然而 ,居民收入分配差距也在不断扩大。本文列举了居民收入分配差距不断拉大的几种主要原因 ,并且根据我国收入差距演变的情况 ,提出了适合我国国情的对策 ,以求实现缩小居民收入差距 ,达到共同富裕的目的。     

论国际航空运输电子合同的法律适用

国际航空运输协会(IATA)为了在全球范围内统一行业运营标准,要求其成员国的航空公司2007年年底之前在旅客运输业务方面全面采用电子机票,实现整个流程的无纸化.我国作为成员国,按照协会的要求逐渐在国内和国际航线上普及了电子机票,随之也带来了很多法律上的问题.尤其在国际航空旅客运输过程中,由于跨越不同的法域,不可避免地会引起国家或地区间的法律冲突;所以随着国际航空电子机票的全面使用,相关的法律适用问题应该引起我们足够的重视.对此,我们应该参照国际公约的规定对我国的相关法律进行修改,明确规定国际航空运输电子合同诸要素的法律适用,并在现有的基础上确立更加科学的管辖权制度.     

典型电动两轮车倒地滑动摩擦系数实验研究

目的 为获得典型电动两轮车倒地滑动摩擦系数,研究倒地滑行速度、路面干湿、路面材料以及电动两轮车结构等因素对电动两轮车倒地滑动摩擦系数的影响.方法 采用实车牵引法测试了“标准”和“非标”两种类型电动两轮车在四种常见路面上的0～50km/h速度区间内的倒地滑动摩擦系数.结果 电动两轮车在实验混凝土路面倒地滑动摩擦系数为0....     

Wind-drag estimation in a traffic accident involving a motor scooter and a tractor-trailer

This case report describes a noncontact traffic accident involving a motor scooter and a tractor-trailer with a focus on the wind-drag effect. We used load cells to measure the drag force acting on a substantially similar motor scooter when a substantially similar tractor-trailer passes by it, taking into consideration various speeds of the tractor-trailer and distances between the two vehicles. A three-dimensional steady-state flow analysis was also performed by using the CFX program for computational fluid dynamics to examine the streamlines and the pressure distribution around the tractor-trailer at various speeds. From the experiment, for a separation distance of 1.0 m (3.28 ft) and a speed of 90 km/h (55.9 mph), the maximum resultant drag force is 124.5 N (28 lb); this constitutes a degree of force that could abruptly disrupt the stability in maneuvering by an operator who is unaware of the approaching tractor-trailer. In addition, a single equation that relates the tractor-trailer speed to the drag force that acts on the motor scooter was derived on the basis of the Reynolds number (Re) and the wind-drag coefficient (C(d)): C(d) = 1.298 × 10(-7) Re.     

Fatal paradoxical air embolism diagnosed by postmortem imaging and autopsy

The recognition and visualization of an arterial gas embolism are difficult. We report a case of sudden death caused by paradoxical air embolism of coronary and cerebral arteries, diagnosed by the pre autopsy computed tomography (CT) scanning. A 54-year-old woman suddenly died after the self-removal of the jugular vein catheter. Postmortem imaging examination using CT scanning showed multiple gas embolisms in the cerebral arteries, pulmonary artery, right atrium and ventricle, left ventricle, aorta, and coronary arteries. These findings suggested that the occurrence of acute ischemia of the brain and heart caused by massive air inflow to the artery. Conventional autopsy revealed a patent foramen ovale of the heart. These results indicated that the patient died of paradoxical air embolization of the coronary and cerebral arteries through a patent foramen ovale because of right-to-left shunting. The use of postmortem imaging as an aid for conventional autopsy has proved to be of advantage in the case of gas embolism.     

Regulatory policy outputs and impacts: Exploring a complex relationship

In this article, we pursue the objective of empirically testing the extent to which changes in environmental policy outputs can explain changes in environmental impacts. Previously, systematic testing of this relationship was hampered by the lack of a compelling measurement of changes in regulatory policy outputs. To remedy this, we present a novel approach to the measurement of events of regulatory output change. We illustrate our concept by employing data on changes in clean air regulations in 24 advanced democracies from 1976 to 2003. In a next step, we explore the extent to which changes in clean air regulations can account for changes in air pollutant emissions. The empirical analysis suggests that changes in clean air regulations cannot be unconditionally associated with changing intensities of air pollutant emission. We deem these results to have far‐reaching implications for the study of regulatory policy change.