To have or not to have: Effects of economic inequality on turnout in European democracies

The effect of economic inequality on turnout has received considerable interest recently. Some studies suggest that inequality depresses turnout, others that the relationship is either the other way around or simply non-existent. Employing a large dataset with some 80,000 respondents from 30 European democracies, we show that great care is required when exploring inequality and turnout. On average, there is indeed a negative/positive effect of being below/above the median income in a country – but it is conditioned by inequality (measured as the Gini coefficient) and national wealth (measured as GDP per capita). Moreover, the two country-level factors interact in surprising ways. Based on our results we warn against claims of mono-causal relationships between the economic situation of voters and turnout.     

中国国际航空运输管理的几个法律问题

1993年中国民用航空总局颁布的<定期国际航空运输管理规定>已实施12年了.12年来,中国的航空运输已经逐步卷入航空自由化潮流之中.面对航空运输自由化,中国应当抓住机遇,迎接挑战,顺应潮流,根据中国经济建设和民航业发展的需要,认真修订<定期国际航空运输管理规定>,积极、渐进、有序、有保障地推进航空运输自由化进程.     

空气质量日报中的空气污染指数

空气污染指数（ＡＰＩ）是美国环保署于７０年代研究开发的一种用于表示每日空气质量状况,并易于为大众理解的报告方法。空气污染指数和级别概念已被很多国家或地区采用,但在具体级别限值和等级划分上因各国国家环境标准差异而有所不同。     

Compliance costs,regulation, and environmental performance: Controlling truck emissions in the US

When explaining regulatory policymaking and the behavior of regulated business firms, scholars have supplemented economic models by emphasizing the role of public‐regarding entrepreneurial politics and of normative pressures on firms. This article explores the limits of such entrepreneurial politics and “social license” pressures by examining regulation of emissions from diesel powered trucks in the US. We find that the economic cost of obtaining the best available control technology – new model lower emissions engines – has: (i) limited the stringency and coerciveness of direct regulation of vehicle owners and operators; (ii) dwarfed the reach and effectiveness of the governmental programs that subsidize the purchase of new less polluting vehicles; and (iii) elevated the importance of each company’s “economic license”– as opposed to its “social license”– in shaping its environmental performance. The prominence of this “regulatory compliance cost” variable in shaping both regulation and firm behavior, we conclude, is likely to recur in highly competitive markets, like trucking, that include many small firms that cannot readily either afford or pass on the cost of best available compliance technologies.     

疏肝益阳胶囊对动脉性勃起功能障碍大鼠性功能及性腺质量的作用

目的 观察中药疏肝益阳胶囊对动脉性勃起功能障碍（arteriogenic erectile dysfunction, AED）模型大鼠性功能及睾丸和附属性腺器官质量的改善作用。 方法 选取3月龄成年雄性SD大鼠50只,采用双侧髂内动脉结扎法复制AED模型。设假手术组、模型组、西地那非组（每日10.5 mg/kg）、疏肝益阳胶囊大剂量组（每日1 g/kg）、疏肝益阳胶囊小剂量组（每日0.5 g/kg）,每组10只,灌胃给药,疗程30 d。行阿朴吗啡（apomorphine, APO）试验检测性功能,取双侧睾丸及附睾、前列腺、精囊腺、球海绵体肌,称湿质量并计算质量系数。结果 APO试验显示疏肝益阳胶囊大、小剂量可显著增加AED大鼠30 min内阴茎勃起次数P<0.01）。疏肝益阳胶囊大、小剂量可显著增加AED大鼠睾丸、附睾、球海绵体肌质量系数（P<0.05）。结论 疏肝益阳胶囊可明显改善AED大鼠的性功能,并可使睾丸及其附属性器官质量系数显著增加。     

Do exemptions undermine environmental policy support? An experimental stress test on the odd‐even road space rationing policy in India

Policies sometimes exempt particular categories of regulatees for reasons of equity and political feasibility. Will the non‐exempt oppose the policy because they shoulder all of the policy costs? We outline an analytic framework for “stress testing” public support among the non‐exempt when they are provided negative information about exemptions and reduced policy effectiveness. Empirically, we study public support for the odd‐even road space rationing policy in India. Using a survey experiment with 2,182 car owners in Bangalore, we find considerable baseline support for this policy. While support among the non‐exempt erodes when they are told about exemptions, there is no additional erosion when they are told that exemptions reduce policy effectiveness. This suggests that the perception of fairness, not policy efficacy, drives the erosion of support among the non‐exempt. Yet the policy survives the stress test because the majority of respondents continue to support it, in spite of support erosion among the non‐exempt.     

制造业同构现象与收入变动的国际比较研究——基于中国长三角地区与日本东海地区的比较

运用产业同构系数、人均GDP、人均工资等指标,比较研究了20年来中国沪苏浙地区和日本东海地区产业分工与收入差距的现状和特征,研究结果显示：产业同构系数与收入差距变化间的关系并不确定。调节产业同构现象的措施对于缩小收入差距未必有确定的、显著的作用,解决收入差距应主要运用收入分配政策。     

西安“六.六”空难的法医学鉴定

本文报告了１９９４年６月６日，中国西北民航Ｂ—２１６０号客机在西安失事的法医学鉴定。机上乘员１６０人全部遇难、死难中，以撞击伤为主，主要死因为多脏器严重损伤、创伤休克、大出血。１６０名遇难者中，１３９人经体貌特征和遗物被确认，６例通过血型被认定，３例通过指纹被认定，其余通过牙齿被确认。本文还讨论了如死亡时间等空难中的法医学处理问题。     

路试充分发出平均减速度可取信范围分析

当我们使用便携式制动性能测试仪来检验涉案车辆制动性能,为什么有时获得的充分发出的平均减速度（MFDD,mean fully developed deceleration）值会大于重力加速度g,这些较大的MFDD值与《便携式制动性能测试仪校准规范》中的测量范围是否相冲突,这些检测值在车速等运算中是否可以被采信,路试检验MFDD的有效范围是什么,鉴定业界对这些问题有着诸多争议和不同答案。本文旨在对路面摩擦系数进行讨论,并利用达朗贝尔原理建立车辆制动受力模型,从而证明高于g的充分发出的平均减速度在路试检验中可以成立,并确认了该值的可以取信范围0~l1h×g。     

重新认识光的半波损失及牛顿环中心暗斑

通过对菲涅耳反射系数的讨论, 重新认识光的 “半波损失”,指出一些大学物理教科书中在光的“半波损失”认识上的误区,重新解释了牛顿环中心暗斑的“半波损失”现象。