新中国科技强军之路

依靠科学技术实现军队和国防现代化, 是中国共产党人一以贯之的指导方针。党的第一代领导集体开创了依靠科学技术实现军队和国防现代化的道路, 党的第二代领导集体解决了依靠科学技术实现军队和国防现代化的根本问题, 党的第三代领导集体规划了我军建设的宏图, 全面实施了科技强军战略。在党的三代领导集体的坚强领导下, 经过５０ 年的艰苦奋斗, 军队和国防现代化建设不断迈上了新的台阶。     

军事人才学研究的回顾与展望

军事人才学创立近２０ 年来, 经历了酝酿准备、学科初创、逐步发展三个时期, 代表性的学术理论著作有４ 部, 主要的学术成果体现在５ 个方面： 构建了军事人才学原理的基本框架和学科体系, 界定了诸多基本概念,探索了成才规律,回答了重大现实问题,完善了教学层次。展望新世纪, 反思学科建设的不足, 军事人才学的深入研究有４ 个方面需要加强, 即丰富发展军事人才学学科体系, 深化军事人才学应用研究, 加强对外军的研究和军事人才管理现代化研究。     

The Error in “Error Rate”: Why Error Rates Are So Needed,Yet So Elusive

Establishing error rates is crucial for knowing how well one is performing, determining whether improvement is needed, measuring whether interventions are effective, as well as for providing transparency. However, the flurry of activities in establishing error rates for the forensic sciences has largely overlooked some fundamental issues that make error rates a problematic construct and limit the ability to obtain a meaningful error rate. These include knowing the ground truth, establishing appropriate databases, determining what counts as an error, characterizing what is an acceptable error rate, ecological validity, and transparency within the adversarial legal system. Without addressing these practical and theoretical challenges, the very notion of a meaningful error rate is limited.     

Personal Identification Using the Frontal Sinus*

Abstract: The frontal sinuses are known to be unique to each individual; however, no one has tested the independence of the frontal sinus traits to see if probability analysis through trait combination is a viable method of identifying an individual using the frontal sinuses. This research examines the feasibility of probability trait combination, based on criteria recommended in the literature, and examines two other methods of identification using the frontal sinuses: discrete trait combinations and superimposition pattern matching. This research finds that most sinus traits are dependent upon one another and thus cannot be used in probability combinations. When looking at traits that are independent, this research finds that metric methods are too fraught with potential errors to be useful. Discrete trait combinations do not have a high enough discriminating power to be useful. Only superimposition pattern matching is an effective method of identifying an individual using the frontal sinuses.     

Sickle cell trait-associated deaths: a case series with a review of the literature

This study presents a series of 16 carriers of hemoglobin S (HbS) who died during various circumstances. Many of the cases were associated with mild to moderate exertion. The onset and/or duration of symptoms varied from a few minutes to several hours with many displaying a prolonged lucid interval with stable vital signs. Despite seeking medical treatment, sickle cell trait-related micro-occlusive crisis was never considered in the differential diagnosis. Several cases were associated with sudden death. In those deaths which were delayed, high anion gap and uncompensated metabolic acidosis were typical and were not heat related. Also characteristic were large increases in creatine kinase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase along with myoglobinemia. Although the antemortem diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was made, the underlying cause was never deduced by the clinicians. The sickling found at autopsy is not always a postmortem artifact, and in the right circumstances can be diagnostic.     

发展中国家对现代海洋法发展的贡献

海洋法是国际法中新兴而又古老的法律部门,在20世纪30年代以前,只有少数国家能够在各个方面利用和开发海洋,因此,海洋法就成了他们掠夺资源、行使海洋霸权的工具。20世纪30年代以后,尤其是二战结束之后,随着广大发展中国家利用和开发海洋的能力和意识的不断增强,提出了许多顺应潮流的海洋法理论。为了使这些理论得以落实,广大发展中国家联合起来同少数发达国家展开了激烈的斗争,从而为现代海洋法的发展做出了重大贡献。     

加强公安科技队伍建设是落实科技强警战略的当务之急

公安科技队伍是公安队伍的重要组成部分,在落实科技强警战略、促进公安工作发展中起着举足轻重的作用。当前,公安科技队伍的建设现状还不能满足公安工作的现实要求。公安科技队伍中,人才数量不足、管理政策不明、整体素质不高、创新能力不强仍是制约公安科技发展的"瓶颈"因素。因此,要着力解决好以下问题:一是公安科技队伍的内涵界定与科学分类;二是公安科技队伍的现状及影响因素分析;三是公安科技人员的基本管理制度建设;四是公安科技队伍的评价激励机制设计;五是公安科技队伍的发展战略与对策研究。     

Rapid Identification of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Herbal Incenses with DART‐MS and NMR

The usage of herbal incenses containing synthetic cannabinoids has caused an increase in medical incidents and triggered legislations to ban these products throughout the world. Law enforcement agencies are experiencing sample backlogs due to the variety of the products and the addition of new and still‐legal compounds. In our study, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was employed to promptly screen the synthetic cannabinoids after their rapid, direct detection on the herbs and in the powders by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART‐MS). A simple sample preparation protocol was employed on 50 mg of herbal sample matrices for quick NMR detection. Ten synthetic cannabinoids were discovered in fifteen herbal incenses. The combined DART‐MS and NMR methods can be used to quickly screen synthetic cannabinoids in powder and herbal samples, serving as a complementary approach to conventional GC‐MS or LC‐MS methods.     

The Use of Laser Microdissection in Forensic Sexual Assault Casework: Pros and Cons Compared to Standard Methods

Sexual assault samples are among the most frequently analyzed in a forensic laboratory. These account for almost half of all samples processed routinely, and a large portion of these cases remain unsolved. These samples often pose problems to traditional analytic methods of identification because they consist most frequently of cell mixtures from at least two contributors: the victim (usually female) and the perpetrator (usually male). In this study, we propose the use of current preliminary testing for sperm detection in order to determine the chances of success when faced with samples which can be good candidates to undergo analysis with the laser microdissection technology. Also, we used laser microdissection technology to capture fluorescently stained cells of interest differentiated by gender. Collected materials were then used for DNA genotyping with commercially available amplification kits such as Minifiler, Identifiler Plus, NGM, and Y‐Filer. Both the methodology and the quality of the results were evaluated to assess the pros and cons of laser microdissection compared with standard methods. Overall, the combination of fluorescent staining combined with the Minifiler amplification kit provided the best results for autosomal markers, whereas the Y‐Filer kit returned the expected results regardless of the used method.     

中国法文化传统与现代法治

中国传统社会未将自由与权利概念化并不意味着中国古人无自由与权利。中国传统法律制度在整体上应当被改造、被置换,但并不意味着古人积累的技术智慧与程序艺术不可被承继,更不意味着支撑法文化传统的基于人性又反映中国文化特质的原则可以被抛弃。中国文化传统仍然是我们探讨中国现代法治的逻辑起点。