The counterfactual fallacy: Confusing what might have been with what ought to have been

The thesis of this article is that reactions to misfortunes are often biased by the counterfactual fallacy: the tendency to view events that can easily be imagined otherwise as events that ought not to have been. Drawing upon a diverse set of empirical findings we demonstrate that victims' and observers' reactions to misfortunes depend on the extent to which the event prompts them to generate counterfactual thoughts or images of more positive alternatives. We discuss the factors that determine the ease with which a negative event can be imagined otherwise, along with their relevance to a variety of justice-relevant responses, including perceptions of deservingness, recommendations for compensation, and blame assignment.     

浅谈大学生的网络道德教育

网络道德具有自主性、自律性、表面化、多元化的特点。信息网络对大学生的思想道德有消极影响 ,应加强对大学生的网络道德教育 ,帮助大学生形成良好的道德品质     

Sanctioning risky life-styles: Attitudes toward solidarity or equitable distribution of health care

Rising costs of medical care and increasing knowledge about behavior-related health risks favor the use of the equity principle in health care allocation. This paper deals with attitudes to the question of whether or not one's payments should be contingent upon the risks one takes. From an explorative analysis of arguments espoused by letter writers from a Dutch health magazine, it becomes apparent that equity plays a major role in the respondents' views of the distribution of health care facilities. Next, the role of attribution in adopting attitudes toward risky life-styles is studied on the basis of a survey using a representative sample of Dutch households. Beliefs about the individual ability to influence health have no effect on risk solidarity, whereas beliefs about the proper amount of effort to avoid health risks do have an effect.     

中国传统官德举要

中国传统官德主要包括以民为本的价值取向,清正廉洁的职业道德,谦虚诚信的个人修养,敬上爱下的僚属关系,清勤练平的工作作风等。     

论编辑人员的道德素养

编辑工作是一种特殊形式的脑力劳动,它要求编辑必须具有良好的道德修养,具备高尚的职业道德。编辑人员务必注意道德养成,强化职业道德意识,确立坚定不移的马克思主义的道德信仰,追求敬业奉献的道德价值,完善公正自律的道德人格,在自己的工作岗位上全心全意地为人民服务。     

试论青少年德育中的学生主体性缺失

青少年德育实效性偏低关键是学校德育中的学生主体性缺失,具体表现为:在德育的目标和内容上,以社会为本位的价值取向造成对主体德育需求的漠视;在德育的方式方法上,以灌输为特征的传统方法造成对主体认知发展规律的忽略;在德育的载体途径上,以学校为中心的德育体系造成主体价值选择的困惑;在德育的评价标准上,以道德认知为内容的评价体系造成主体人格的分裂。     

从成年人角度反思未成年人思想道德建设

未成年人的思想道德建设是系统工程,主体是未成年人,但成年人构成了其发展的外在环境。从家庭、学校和社会三个方面,成年人应该为未成年人创造良好的环境;在思想道德教育观念和方法上,成年人应该尊重未成年人的特殊性。未成年人的思想道德教育,需要全社会的动员和参与。     

从“诬告反坐”到“讹诈有罚”——对被救助者诬赖救助者立法惩罚的再思考

当下诸多被救助者诬告讹诈救助者事件背后,无不折射出单纯中华传统道德诉求已经不能协调社会的健康发展。当道德软性约束作用无法发挥其积极作用,通过法律制度建设方面惩罚诬告讹诈者成为必要。然现代＂讹诈有罚＂并非简单的惩恶扬善呼吁,也并非中国古代＂诬告反坐＂的直接过渡与顺承。立法惩罚诬告者还需从制度渊源、现行体制、证据认定、责任承担、惩罚措施等多方予以分析。     

思想品德形成的动力律——矛盾协调律

思想品德形成的动力律是矛盾协调律,矛盾可大致分为个体内部各要素矛盾及个体与外部社会的矛盾两个方面,两大矛盾的斗争协调构成了思想品德形成发展的动力。品德形成发展过程中,容易出现认知偏差、情感失衡、信念迷茫、意志不定和知行不一几种内部要素矛盾,外部矛盾则主要体现在家庭、学校、网络社会和现实社会方面。矛盾协调的总体方向是由冲突向和谐发展,由模仿向独立发展,由他律向自律发展,由个人向社会发展。     

清官“吏德”论

中国古代清官的“吏德”,是中国特定文化塑造出来的一种廉政文化遗产,是中华传统美德的重要组成部分。清官“吏德”,主要留存于哲人、明君、贤相、清官的警策语录中,内容比较宽泛,主要有四点：一是清正廉明的勤勉;二是知耻好洁的慎独;三是民胞物与的仁恤;四是正道直行的坚守。学习与继承古代清官的“吏德”,能进一步提升公务员道德素养,改善执政环境,从而推动整个社会的道德建设。