Rules of military retaliation and their practice by the state of Israel

A major issue intriguing students of international relations is determining to what extent, if at all, do norms and standard operating procedures (SOPs) affect foreign policy. This question is addressed in this article in the case of Israel's policy of military retaliation. Alternative rules of conduct associated with this policy were deduced from strategic and normative arguments presented by Israeli decision‐makers in order to justify military reprisal attacks against Arab countries. These rules of conduct were then formulized into hypotheses and empirically tested with the aid of a database that contained daily accounts of Arab and Israeli acts of aggression towards each other between 1949 and 1982. In this manner it was possible to identify different decision rules that dominated Israel's reprisal policy at different periods of time.     

文化生态安全:国家文化安全现代性的新认知系统

生态问题是当今人类社会面临的最具普遍性的存在性问题和可持续发展问题。人类社会发展的一切问题都与生态问题有关,文化也不例外。当全球进入后真相、后西方、后秩序时代的时候,国家文化安全现代性构成了关于国家文化安全认知系统的新生态特征。文化生态安全是这一现代性的表征。文化生态构成的多重二元结构是文化生态安全构成的结构方式。内部性与外部性文化关系冲突是引发文化生态危机和国家文化安全危机的原因。塑造良好的外部文化环境和内部文化环境是维护和实现国家文化安全的重要文化生态保障。文化多样性是文化生态的存在形态与结构样式,是文化生态平衡的重要保障机制,文化多样性安全是文化生态安全实现的前提。中国要实现和维护国家文化安全,必须在保护文化遗产和文化资源安全的同时,实现从单一时空领域里的文化安全走向系统整体范畴的文化安全,在生态文明系统整体安全观的基础上,建构国家文化安全现代性的新认知系统。     

多学科视角下的“公共性”研究及其启示

“公共性”研究是现代基层社会治理过程中一个具有关键意义、多学科关注和热议的话题。哲学视角下的“公共性”主要聚焦于对人的存在条件及其实现方式的批判性反思和理性把握;政治学视角下的“公共性”更关注公共权力的合法性来源及公共物品的供给问题;社会学视角下的“公共性”聚焦于结构制约下集体行动内在的“公共意蕴”;城市学科视角下的“公共性”主要聚焦于公共空间的“空间正义”及其社会价值。“公共性”在不同研究领域中拥有共同的理论渊源,多为问题导向的定性研究,是理论与实践密切结合的成果。“公共性”内涵需要随时代发展,“公共性”议题需要推进本土化和学科化,中国“公共性”研究需要拓展国际话语权。     

“蒙面影像特征”引导下的多案串并及实战应用

虽然人工智能在蒙面犯罪行为的智能侦测与自动识别方面有了一些重大突破,但是,在一些复杂环境中或特殊情况下,对蒙面人的智能侦测与自动识别,只是作为一个实验验证,并不能代替视频侦查技术人员的人工审看、手动跟踪及分析研判的最终结果。研究蒙面影像特征引导下的多案串并思路及人工操作方法,一方面有助于跟踪与锁定同一蒙面人连续作案或间歇作案的活动轨迹,另一方面也有助于辨认与比对蒙面以后的人脸特征、行为动作特征、衣着特征、随身物品特征、作案工具特征等。在蒙面犯罪案件的多案串并或个案侦破中,蒙面影像特征跟踪分析法、辨认比对法,以及蒙面影像特征引导下的视频导侦法、多侦联动法,可以作为一种迅速发现侦查线索或寻找案件串并依据的途径与方法。     

An Unusual Case of Multiple‐Gunshot Suicide of an Alcohol‐Intoxicated Cancer Sufferer with Prolonged Physical Activity

Multishot firearm suicides are relatively rare and suggest the possibility of homicide. Physical activity following gunshots to the head, the neck, and the thorax does occur, and immediate incapacitation does not occur in every fatal gunshot wound that penetrates the head or perforates the heart. Cancer patients appear to be at increased suicide risk, but alcohol intoxication is less common in such cases. We present—to the best of our knowledge for the first time—a case of a 54‐year old, male, liver cancer sufferer, who under the influence of alcohol, discharged his revolver three times, suffered, among other wounds, a heart‐perforating wound, and died after c. 1.5 h, being able to talk until just before he died. Our case underlines the importance of keeping an open critical mind when dealing with multiple‐gunshot fatalities, especially when posttraumatic physical activity might be crucial in differentiating homicide from suicide.     

Managing Public Accountability: How Public Managers Manage Public Accountability

Accountability is of growing importance in contemporary governance. The academic literature on public accountability is fraught with concerned analyses, suggesting that accountability is a problematic issue for public managers. This article investigates how public managers experience accountability and how they cope with accountability. The analysis highlights a number of ways in which public managers do indeed “suffer” from accountability, although, conversely, most of the respondents were able to identify strategic coping mechanisms with which apparently problematic accountability requirements can be converted into practically useful procedures.     

Dual citizenship and sovereignty

Multiple and dual citizenship in the past decades have become widely accepted worldwide. Leading scholars in citizenship studies claim that the growing tolerance of dual citizenship signals the weakening of state sovereignty and the emergence of transnational, post-national or cosmopolitan norms. This paper argues that multiple citizenship standards are neither universally accepted, nor normatively compelling. The cases referred to are intended to demonstrate that contrary to the above assessments, dual citizenship is also used by states to increase their sovereignty, for example promoting national interest abroad through expatriates and trans-border minorities. It is also argued that, in addition to the classical territorial sovereignty- and security-related dilemmas, dual-citizenship policies may violate the norms of democratic equality and popular sovereignty. The paper concludes that the inevitably growing toleration of non-monogamous state-citizen relationships should not be interpreted as a normative justification of promiscuous citizenship policies.     

全基因组扩增法应用于低拷贝数DNA检测

目的建立基于多重置换扩增(MDA)技术的全基因组扩增(WGA)方法,实现对低拷贝数(LCN)DNA样品进行分析。方法采用REPLI-g试剂盒对样本进行等温全基因组扩增,扩增产物采用ProfilerPlus试剂盒确定样本的十个STR基因座的等位基因型。结果10pgDNA模板经全基因组扩增后,能够进行DNA分型。结论全基因组扩增可以用于LCN的DNA分析,帮助提高微量物证的检出成功率。     

Winnowing in Environmental Policy: Jurisdictional Challenges and Opportunities

While scholars developed an understanding of the processes moving issues from the systemic to the institutional agenda, we know little about the inner workings of the institutional agenda. Winnowing theory addresses this gap by examining the leadership, bill sponsor, and contextual factors helping bills move through the institutional agenda. By expanding winnowing theory to incorporate a fragmented policy domain, the environment, we find that multiple referral status actually helps a bill's chances of receiving attention and passing through the committee.     

合作与互动：上海浦东新区构建新型政社关系考察

构建新型政社合作关系是时代发展的必然要求。建构新的政社合作关系与互动机制有赖于社会的独立、自治，“大社会”体系的形成，有赖于多元治理主体的出现，有赖于公众的积极参与。近年来，上海浦东新区在大力发展民间组织，培育“大社会”体系；推进政府管理职能的社会化，形成“多元主体”的社会治理格局；探索社会化决策方式，推进公众广泛参与公共政策的制定过程等方面进行了有益探索，率先形成了“政社合作，政社互动”的新型关系。