The impact of mining rights on the local communities in Limpopo Province, South Africa： A comparative study

The paper aims to give an account of the substance and support the development of community based organizations in balancing their interests against the interests of the mining industries. It further examines the issue of the protection of social and economic right in the context of the globalization of the activities of multinational mining and petroleum companies, as illustrated by different instances of increasing state withdrawal and with regard to specific African countries. In Africa, economic liberalization has been accompanied by a programmed redefining of the role of the state withdrawal from certain areas： planning, production and social reform, a reorientation of state intervention from certain other areas, redistribution, regulation and mediation etc, with a view of promoting a particular type of growth strategy based on promotion of private economic interests. This process has led to the delegitimation and weakening of states which were already characterized by fiscal crises, notably in countries under structural adjustment. While the process of reconceptualisation of the role of the state is not specific to Africa, its impact has been particularly significant with regard to the possibility of implementing developmental strategies designed to protect social and economic rights.     

网络对青年学生成长的负面影响及应对策略

网络以其民主性、渗透性、共享性、不可控制性等特征,在为青年学生提供丰富的信息资源,为他们创造精彩的娱乐时空的同时,对青年学生成长所产生的负面影响也更频繁、更直接、更广泛。因此,网络已成为思想政治工作的一个新的重要阵地,学校教育必须研究其特点,准确把握学生心理需求动向,采取有力措施应对这种挑战。     

城市增长的负面效益及其化解———美国城市增长管理带来的启示

城市增长是城市发展过程中普遍存在的现象,但在很多国家的很多城市中,城市增长被城市蔓延所取代,其原因就在于城市增长过程中呈现出诸多负面效应.为此,城市和城市中的居民付出了沉重的经济成本、生态成本和社会成本,城市政府也面临着巨大的管理压力.为化解城市增长产生的负面效应,美国城市政府出台了一系列的政策,为我国的城市增长管理提供了宝贵经验.     

Personal Criminal Victimization in the United States: Fixed and Random Effects of Individual and Household Characteristics

The present research is concerned with multilevel modeling of personalvictimization rates. Data from the 1994 National Crime Victimization Surveyare employed. Following the routine activities and lifestyle victimizationtheory, individuals' profile and lifestyle as well as characteristics oftheir household comprise the set of explanatory variables. The results ofestimated multilevel negative binomial models, which explicitly disentanglethe unexplained heterogeneity between individuals and between households,are discussed. The estimated random effects of household characteristicsshow that the unexplained heterogeneity for the average number of personalcrimes differs across household types. Further, the individual covariateswith between households random effects become less influential the more thebase personal crime rates are high.     

Weathering the storm: why was there no Arab uprising in Algeria?

This article re-opens the discussion of why there was “no Arab Uprising in Algeria.” After critically reviewing previous findings, the paper suggests that the stability of the Algerian regime was mainly a result of the non-formation of a cross-class and cross-ideological coalition. Splitting this hypothesis into its two main parts, it will be shown, first, that the working class was the missing element. Two factors explain this: (a) the numerical and strategic marginalization of productive workers – in turn, an effect of the process of de-industrialization that hit the country from the late 1980s onwards; and (b) the presence of an aristocracy of labour in the hydrocarbon sector, from which a tiny minority of workers produced an overwhelming amount of wealth. Secondly, the enduring distrust among opposition groups – a direct legacy of the still-too-recent civil war, as well as an effect of the specific institutional environment that developed from the mid 1990s onwards – prevented the establishment of a “negative coalition” through which all opposition forces could jointly mobilize against the regime.     

Negative Campaigning in Party-Controlled Communication Channels: Party Communication Strategies in Campaign Posters,Newspaper Advertisement,and Press Releases during the 2008 Austrian National Election Campaign

Politicians and people professionally involved in politics agree that negative campaigning is a frequently used campaign communication strategy by Austrian political parties. Yet, there is no empirical investigation of such claims. The present study examines party-controlled communication channels to identify the use of negative messaging strategies from a political actor's perspective. The data for this study come from a 6-week content analysis of campaign posters, newspaper advertisement and press releases of the 2008 Austrian National Elections. I examine the degree, source, target, and type of negativity. Results show that there are great differences in the degree and type of negativity between the three communication channels. Whereas in press releases all Austrian parties constantly engaged in going negative, campaign posters hardly contained any negative message. To a great extent negative campaign tactics are adjusted depending to whom the message is addressed to in the first place, the voter or the media. Concerning the source and target of negative appeals, results show that in particular, parties sitting in opposition employ negative campaigning. Yet, they are hardly ever the target of negative messages.     

Teachers’ nascent praxes of care: potentially decolonizing approaches to school violence in Trinidad

Zero tolerance, punitive, and more negative peace-oriented approaches dominate school violence interventions, despite research indicating that comprehensive approaches are more sustainable. In this article, I use data from a longitudinal case study at a Trinidadian secondary school to focus on the role of teachers and their impact on school violence; I show that institutional constraints are not fully deterministic, as teachers sometimes deploy their agency to efficacious ends. In combining Noddings’ postulations on care and Freire’s notions of praxis as a symbiosis of reflection and action, I explicate the nascent praxes of care of six teachers at this school, as they strive for more positive peace-oriented approaches to school violence. I characterize these praxes as nascent because they are not fully interrogative of the structural violence of the entire system. However, I do argue that these nascent praxes possess decolonizing and transgressive potentiality in the face of a logic of coloniality that reinforces hierarchy, exclusion, and marginalization in the Trinidadian educational system. I conclude by contending that these nascent praxes must be scaled-up to more mature, radical praxes, including the cultivation of a systemic praxis of care; in other words, a deeper and broader postcolonial peace education.     

知识产权的重叠保护问题

知识产权重叠保护现象背离了知识产权的平衡政策目标,是知识产权全面扩张的副产品。它直接导致了正外部性内在化、知识产权激励机制的破坏、知识产权垄断成本的增加。解决知识产权重叠保护问题的思路是：完善我国现行法律规定,原则上禁止知识产权的重叠保护;制定工业版权法,预防知识产权重叠保护现象的出现;明晰法律解释规则,削减知识产权重叠保护可能造成的危害。     

论消极事实的证明规则

积极事实和消极事实都是客观事实。积极事实是一个包含事实构成要素的集合,在四维时空坐标中对应的是一个确切的点;而消极事实是一个不包含任何元素的空集,是任何一个积极事实的补集。每一积极事实都对应着无数消极事实。消极事实不能直接证明,而只能通过一个积极事实得到间接地证明。消极事实的证明是诉讼证明的重要组成部分,是诉讼当事人维护自身权益的重要途径。     

从诉讼证明的角度看消极事实的特征

在诉讼证明中,法律事实乃是法官所认定的事实,从哲学意义上讲,法律事实与客观事实的关系就是思维与存在的关系。客观事实可分为积极事实和消极事实,二者是和谐统一的,积极事实在四维时空坐标中占据且只能占据一个确定的点,而不能同时占有两个点,相对于这个确切的点而言,这个点之外的所有空间都是消极事实;消极事实不是“不存在”的事实,而是指存在的状态为“无”的事实。消极事实不同于消极事实的主张,消极事实可以通过积极事实而得以证明。