重构中国粮食安全的认知维度、监测指标及治理体系

判断一国粮食安全的实现程度,要基于对粮食安全的清晰认知。粮食安全问题易被简化为粮食总产量问题。上述概念相关但非同一命题。国际粮食安全认知维度及演进显示,粮食安全是一个系统,从横向看,它包含可供量、粮食获取、粮食利用(如营养安全)与稳定性四个维度;从纵向看,它包括宏观、中观与微观(如家庭获取能力)三个层面。一个完备的国家粮食安全监测指标体系也应与这四个维度、三个层面相对应。当前中国粮食安全政策与监测主要强调国内供给总量安全,属于可供量维度与宏观层面的交集;其他维度则较为单薄,尤其是微观层面的粮食获取维度以及粮食利用维度下的营养安全。借鉴巴西跳出"粮食生产大国无粮食安全之虞"的认知窠臼、直面其粮食安全严峻态势、进而推行影响深远的"零饥饿"计划、取得显著成效的经验,中国应加快构建一套比较全面的、符合当前经济、社会和农业发展现状的粮食安全认知、监测及治理体系,即将粮食安全治理重心从宏观转入宏观、中观、微观并重,构建一套全面的粮食安全监测指标体系以及建立跨部门的粮食安全治理体系。     

Softening the surface but hardening the core? Governing renewable energy in the EU

Abstract

Soft law and governance captured the attention of scholars in the 2000s, and new policy challenges and the novel introduction of ‘harder’ elements now drive a (re)turn to these discussions. This article explores the extent to which dynamics leading towards ‘harder soft governance’ (HSG) appear in the EU’s renewable energy governance by comparing the 2020 and 2030 Renewable Energy Directives. Document analysis and interviews reveal a surface-level softening because the new 2030 directive contains no binding national targets for the Member States. An entrepreneurial Commission has been seeking to introduce ‘harder elements’ at the core by focusing on implementation, allowing for potentially deeper influence on the national energy mixes though the Energy Union. Two main factors drive these changes: the evolving international context of climate change governance, as well as re-configurations of the actors in the EU. Future research should explore the effectiveness of emerging HSG in detail.     

Analytical Thresholds and Sensitivity: Establishing RFU Thresholds for Forensic DNA Analysis,

Determining appropriate analytical thresholds (ATs) for forensic DNA analysis is critical to maximize allele detection. In this study, six methods to determine ATs for forensic DNA purposes were examined and compared. Four of the methods rely on analysis of the baseline noise of a number of negatives, while two utilize the relationship between relative fluorescence unit signal and DNA input in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) derived from a dilution series ranging from 1 to 0.06 ng. Results showed that when a substantial mass of DNA (i.e., >1 ng) was amplified, the baseline noise increased, suggesting the application of an AT derived from negatives should only be applied to samples with low levels of DNA. Further, the number and intensity of these noise peaks increased with increasing injection times, indicating that to maximize the ability to detect alleles, ATs should be validated for each post‐PCR procedure employed.     

秘密侦查在贿赂犯罪侦查中的必要性及其规制——以监听为视角

在贿赂犯罪的侦查中,采用监听等秘密侦查措施在对预防贿赂犯罪、打击贿赂犯罪起到促进作用的同时,还是履行国际公约义务的体现;在贿赂犯罪侦查中使用监听手段的同时,还应当对监听手段进行规制,防止违法监听的出现。     

法治政府论

法治政府是指政府机构的设立与运作、包括行政立法和决策在内的政府整体行为与个体执法行为都是合法化、合理化、规范化的政府。提出这一概念是对法治国家概念的集中回应 ,使人们更全面、更准确地认知和把握易引起误解的依法行政之真谛。建设法治政府对建设社会主义法治国家有特殊意义。始终坚持全方位贯彻法律优先原则和创建政府行为法治化监控机制是现时建设法治政府之关键     

论视频监控系统在公安工作中的应用

视频监控系统因其实时、准确、直观的特点,在提高公安工作效率、缓解警力不足以及防范打击犯罪等方面发挥着重要作用。但目前的视频监控系统在管理、后期维护、具体应用等方面还存在一些亟待解决的问题,其资源整合、共享以及技术升级应成为我国视频监控系统建设和发展的主要方向。     

附带监听资料之证据能力分析

附带监听所获资料究竟能否在法庭上作为证据使用,即其是否具有证据能力,尚未定论。以监听的基本原则衡量各附带监听类型所获资料之证据能力,同时在打击犯罪与保障人权之间进行价值权衡,同一对象可监听罪名的附带监听与不同对象可监听罪名的附带监听所获资料具有证据能力,但事后必须补签附带监听许可令状,同一对象不可监听罪名的附带监听与不同对象不可监听的附带监听所获资料不具有证据能力。     

信息化背景下讯问策略与方法的应用

公安信息化建设是提高公安机关整体战斗力的重要途径,也是牵动警务机制改革的重要纽带。讯问工作必须紧跟信息化警务变革的时代步伐,用信息化重塑讯问工作,实现讯问工作的数字化、专业化和网络化,不断提高讯问工作在打击犯罪中的能力和水平。     

当前网络监督面临的问题及对策研究

网络监督已经成为反腐倡廉的重要武器之一,在反腐倡廉中发挥的作用也越来越大。但是同时,网络监督也面临着机制不健全等一系列的问题,针对这些问题,必须建立相应的制度机制,才能从根本上解决这些问题。     

Autocratic adaptation: The strategic use of transparency and the persistence of election fraud

Why would an autocrat want, or at least make it appear to want, to reduce election fraud? In recent years, non-democratic rulers have surprisingly begun to embrace fraud-reducing technologies, like web cameras or transparent ballot boxes. The reason for this is found in the relative ease by which one type of fraud can be replaced with another. With the help of new fraud identification techniques, I argue that the installation of web cameras in polling stations changes how fraud is conducted. Web cameras do not reduce fraud, but rather make certain blatant forms of fraud, like ballot box stuffing, more costly. Autocrats then substitute for other types of fraud, such as fabricating the vote count out of view of the cameras.