Stem families in rural northwestern Germany? Family systems,intergenerational relations and family contracts

The article investigates intergenerational social relations, distribution of power and mutual rights and obligations within rural families in nineteenth-century Westphalia. Following Frédéric Le Play and Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl, historiography assumes the predominance of a stem family system in northwestern Germany. However, the definition of ‘stem family’ is still not well determined to date. In particular, the question of paternal authority pertains to the core concept of stem families, but has received rather little attention in historical research. The article argues that there are good reasons to question the adequacy of the notion of ‘stem family’ for northwestern Germany. Using farm and house transfer contracts as qualitative sources, the strong position of farm heirs will be demonstrated. These contracts settled relationships between family members after intergenerational transition, especially for different types of family composition. Ageing parents were confronted with children having alternative options to make a living and had to make far-reaching concessions if they wanted a child to stay and work or respectively care for them. Even parents who still wanted to manage the farm on their own gave up the property rights in order to keep a son or a daughter as labour force and care-taker on the farm. This points to considerable bargaining power of adult children, and strongly diminished parental authority even in multiple households.     

甘肃农业可持续发展面临的挑战、机遇及对策

甘肃农业可持续发展面临生态环境恶劣、经济落后、农村贫困等诸多制约因素的挑战 ,也迎来了西部大开发等发展机遇。抓住机遇 ,改善农业生产条件和生态环境 ,调整农业结构 ,推进农业产业化经营 ,是促进甘肃农业可持续发展的主要对策。     

重要战略机遇期与跨越式发展战略

面对可以大有作为的重要战略机遇期,必须紧紧抓住执政兴国的第一要务,增强领导干部的战略意识,坚持"跨越式"发展的战略方针,实现全面建设小康社会的战略目标,营造安全稳定的战略环境。     

The Characteristics of Countries with Generational Account Imbalances

This article empirically tests competing explanations for intergenerational policy differences using a cross section of generational accounts from Kotlikoff and Leibfritz (1999). Generational imbalance rises when a public transfer program is created that benefits living generations and harms future generations. Generational imbalance is greatest in countries with a large elderly population, high income growth rate, greater income inequality, and dispersed political parties. The results are consistent with successful rent seeking by the elderly and poor, and suggest that countries with a high income growth rate and coalition government are less able to resist intergenerational redistribution.     

缓起诉制度之法理基础

缓起诉作为起诉便宜主义原则的具体体现,以其刑事政策上的积极效果日益受到包括我国在内的越来越多正在进行司法改革的国家和地区的关注.然而,在蕴涵着价值不菲的诉讼理念和司法效果背后,该制度也存在着公正、效率、效果之间的多元价值冲突.     

起诉法定主义与起诉便宜主义——兼论我国起诉裁量权的完善

起诉法定主义与起诉便宜主义并为现代刑事诉讼的两大基本原则,在刑事追诉过程中同时发挥着重要作用。从起诉法定主义到起诉便宜主义,是刑事诉讼发展的基本趋势。我国起诉裁量权限于微罪不检举范围内,起诉裁量权适用面过窄,不适应诉讼经济的需要,也没有体现出"宽严相济"、"区别对待"的刑事政策,有必要修订刑事诉讼法,确立起诉便宜原则,扩大检察官的起诉裁量权。     

战略创新：旅游的休闲趋势与天津北方休闲中心城市的构建

随着人们生活水平的不断提高和社会进一步向高级阶段的发展,一个以休闲为基础的社会消费趋势即将出现,一个大众化的休闲时代正在到来。天津市政府提出:应“充分发挥山、河、湖、海、泉资源齐备和近现代历史文化资源丰富的优势,突出历史文化名城和现代化港口城市特点,深度开发特色旅游资源,把天津建设成为环渤海乃至北方地区最具吸引力的休闲旅游中心城市之一。”该战略对促进天津经济和社会的快速发展具有极为重要的战略意义。要想在“十一五”时期将天津建成“北方休闲旅游中心城市”,就应以战略创新为突破口, 确立相应的战略目标和政策体系,促进天津旅游业进入一个崭新的发展阶段。     

从法学的视角看教育公平

教育公平是教育的社会理想和教育政策的追求目标。其主要内容包括教育权利平等和教育机会均等两个方面。本文着重阐明了教育权利平等和教育机会均等的法学意义 ,进而说明教育立法是实现教育公平的法律保障。     

An analysis of asymmetric effect of federal transfers across Indian states

This study empirically examines the asymmetric effect of federal transfers in India using a panel dataset of 18 states from 2000–2001 to 2019–2020. In mapping the asymmetric effect of federal transfers on subnational spending across the Indian states, we test it in the extended ‘flypaper effect’ framework, examining whether subnational expenditures respond in the same way to changes in federal transfers. To quantify the extent of the asymmetric effect on the subnational expenditure, we employed the panel non-linear ARDL model. The results suggest that subnational spending has a greater asymmetric response to the increase in federal transfers than to a decrease. At the disaggregate level, ten out of 18 states have a fiscal replacement kind of asymmetric effect in any spending specifications. But only three validate it in the capital and development spending, and seven states validating in the non-development expenditure on the revenue accounts. Replacing the cut in federal transfers with other revenue sources that prioritise non-development spending over development spending is problematic.     

Stem Cell Research and Technology in Iran—Window of Opportunity in the Midst of International Tension

This paper aims to explain how the key characteristics of “stem cell research” as an emerging technology facilitate the strategy of an Iranian organization, namely, “the Royan Institute” to learn by interaction and to generate knowledge. It argues that the Royan could take advantage of the window of opportunity that stem cell research and technology had temporarily opened up but its endeavors are now being hampered by unfavorable international factors and weak domestic infrastructure. The article substantiates the case by giving an objective account of networking and gatekeeping in the process of learning/innovation at the Royan and concludes by questioning the continuity of the actual learning strategy in order to sustain the Royan's knowledge production.