社会和谐关系的哲学思考

和谐是多种元素差异互补的平等统一。自然界的差异以平行性关系为主,人类社会的差异以垂直性关系为主。在社会中互动的主体,形成高低、主次、先后、强弱、左右、内外、我他等七种关系类型。社会和谐状态的出现,需要秉持“和而不同、异而兼美、互利共赢、各擅胜场”的基本态度,遵循同情理解、真诚沟通、平等对话、互补共赢、自由选择的行动性原则,摒弃各种不“和谐”的错误文化。     

对专利药品平行进口发展问题的思考

在20世纪后期经济全球化的进程中,传染性疾病以史无前例的速度在全球蔓延,经济全球化所产生的全球整体利益使得知识产权私人权利范围的扩张日益与人权、尤其是健康权发生冲突。专利药品的国际保护标准不同使得诸多发达国家追求垄断价格的同时阻碍了公共健康权的发展,逐渐打破了全球知识产权制度的平衡。鉴于专利药品平行进口原则具有防止专利权人形成市场独占的制约性,诸多发展中国家将其作为和发达国家谈判的手段以降低专利药品的国内市场价格,但是,我国专利药品平行进口的立法尚属稀缺,当务之急是应当在避免专利药品返销而限制平行进口种类的同时,强化专利平行进口原则的震慑作用与可操作性。     

浅析内地与澳门区际民商事诉讼平行管辖权的协调

香港、澳门回归已过了10多年,“一国两制”政策在我国得到了充分的实施,使我国境内存在着“一国多法域”的现象,因此我国也出现了区际民商事诉讼平行管辖权冲突的问题.在实践中,我国区际民商事诉讼平行管辖权的冲突可以借鉴国际上的解决办法,以受诉在先原则、不方便法院原则等为指导,解决内地与澳门之间就同一关联案件管辖权的争执.     

Sequencing of human identification markers in an Uyghur population using the MiSeq FGxTM Forensic Genomics System

Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) offers a useful alternative to capillary electrophoresis (CE) based analysis of human identification markers in forensic genetics. By sequencing short tandem repeats (STRs) instead of determining the fragment lengths by CE, the sequence variation within the repeat region and the flanking regions may be identified. In this study, we typed 264 Uyghur individuals using the MiSeq FGx™ Forensic Genomics System and Primer Mix A of the ForenSeq™ DNA Signature Prep Kit that amplifies 27 autosomal STRs, 25 Y-STRs, seven X-STRs, and 94 HID-SNPs. STRinNGS v.1.0 and GATK 3.6 were used to analyse the STR regions and HID-SNPs, respectively. Increased allelic diversity was observed for 33 STRs with the PCR-MPS assay. The largest increases were found in DYS389II and D12S391, where the numbers of sequenced alleles were 3–4 times larger than those of alleles determined by repeat length alone. A relatively large number of flanking region variants (28 SNPs and three InDels) were observed in the Uyghur population. Seventeen of the flanking region SNPs were rare, and 12 of these SNPs had no accession number in dbSNP. The combined mean match probability and typical paternity index based on 26 sequenced autosomal STRs were 3.85E−36 and 1.49E + 16, respectively. This was 10 000 times lower and 1 000 times higher, respectively, than the same parameters calculated from STR repeat lengths.

Key Points

• Sequencing data on STRs and SNPs used for human identification are presented for the Uyghur population.
• STRinNGS v.1.0 was used to analyse the flanking regions of STRs.
• The concordance between PCR-CE and PCR-MPS results was 99.86%.
• Detection of sequence variation in STRs and their flanking regions increased the allelic diversity.