基于PolyCyano UV粉末显现手印的新技术

目的介绍1种新型PolyCyano UV粉末显现非渗透性光滑客体表面潜手印的新技术。方法选取多种常见客体,由志愿者在客体上捺印指印,将PolyCyano UV粉末加热至230℃使其升华,待该粉末在手印纹线上聚合后使用长波紫外线照射若干时间,然后在蓝光激发下使用滤色镜观察并拍照。结果绝大部分非渗透性光滑客体表面上的潜手印均有很好的显现效果,尤其是对浅色或白色客体有十分明显的荧光效果,对陈旧手印也有较好的显现效果。结论该方法熏显操作简便、显现时间短、无需二次染色增强、不破坏生物检材、显现效果明显,适合推广使用。     

过硫酸氢钾复合粉的杀菌效果试验

为考察过硫酸氢钾复合粉的体外杀菌活性及有机物、pH值、温度对其杀菌效果的影响,采用悬液定量杀菌试验进行了实验室观察。结果显示,0.312 5～2.5 g/L的过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌和猪链球菌均有杀灭作用,2.5 g/L过硫酸氢钾复合粉消毒液与试验菌作用5 min,杀菌率均为100%。能量试验结果显示,过硫酸氢钾复合粉对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最低合格浓度为5 g/L,对多杀性巴氏杆菌和猪链球菌的最低合格浓度为1 g/L;较高温度和酸性环境可以显著增强过硫酸氢钾复合粉的杀菌效果,而高含量的小牛血清可以在一定程度上抑制消毒剂的杀菌活性。结果表明,过硫酸氢钾复合粉具有极强的杀菌效果,提高过硫酸氢钾复合粉的浓度和作用温度、延长作用时间或降低pH值可以增强其杀菌作用。     

Validation of powder X-ray diffraction following EN ISO/IEC 17025

Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) is used widely in forensic science laboratories with the main focus of qualitative phase identification. Little is found in literature referring to the topic of validation of PXRD in the field of forensic sciences. According to EN ISO/IEC 17025, the method has to be tested for several parameters. Trueness, specificity, and selectivity of PXRD were tested using certified reference materials or a combination thereof. All three tested parameters showed the secure performance of the method. Sample preparation errors were simulated to evaluate the robustness of the method. These errors were either easily detected by the operator or nonsignificant for phase identification. In case of the detection limit, a statistical evaluation of the signal-to-noise ratio showed that a peak criterion of three sigma is inadequate and recommendations for a more realistic peak criterion are given. Finally, the results of an international proficiency test showed the secure performance of PXRD.     

The reincorporation and redistribution of trace geoforensic particulates on clothing: An introductory study

Two experimental studies were undertaken to investigate the processes of reincorporation and redistribution of trace evidence on garments when worn by a suspect or a victim (reincorporation) or after the garments have been seized and packaged for subsequent forensic analysis (redistribution). The first experiment utilised UV powder, an established proxy for geoforensic trace particulates and the second experiment utilised daffodil pollen transferred onto garments under conditions that mimicked forensic reality. It was demonstrated that reincorporation of trace particulates occurs from upper to lower parts of the same garment and also from upper garments to lower garments. Reincorporation also occurred to all areas of the lower garments, however the highest concentration of particulates was found to be the lap area of the jeans. Particulates also tended to be preserved around technical details such as stitching or relief design features of the garments. Thus the decay of particulates after a contact has been made does not necessarily involve a loss of those particulates from the entire system. These findings have implications for the interpretation of trace evidence when seeking to establish the source of initial contacts or the chronology of pertinent events. The second study demonstrated that folding and packaging items of clothing leads to a redistribution of any trace particulate evidence that is present thereby eliciting an alteration in the spatial distribution of that evidence. There is therefore a necessity to take the context of trace evidence into account and also to follow protocols that are sensitive to these aspects of trace evidence behaviour as a failure to do so may have consequences for the correct interpretation of such evidence.     

Storage of Second World War bone samples: Bone fragments versus bone powder

Bone samples may yield low-quality and low-quantity DNA and duplicated analyses of different genetic markers have to be performed for identification of missing persons. Mostly no DNA extract is left after analyses and efficient storage of bones is needed to ensure the stability of the sample over time for retesting using new markers and new technologies. Usually not all of the bone powder prepared in grinder is used for extraction and rest can be stored for future analyses. After molecular genetic analyses of 88 victims of Second World War (WWII) Konfin I mass grave in Slovenia (performed in 2009), fragments of femurs and bone powder that were left were stored at -20 °C. Some authors reported that long-term storage of powder results in the reduction of DNA preservation and its degradation (even at low temperature), explained by an increase in oxidative damage as a result of the enormous increase in exposed surface area. Consequently, grinding of bones as shortly prior to DNA extraction was recommended. The goal of our study was to explore the difference in DNA yield between bone fragment and bone powder frozen for 10 years. 57 WWII femurs were examined and DNA extracted from each of them using bone fragment (piece sampled next to the one used in 2009) and bone powder obtained in 2009, both taken out of freezer after 10 years of storage. Half gram of bone powder was decalcified using full demineralization extraction method. The DNA was purified in a Biorobot EZ1 (Qiagen) and quantified with PowerQuant kit (Promega). Statistical analysis showed significant difference at the 0.05 level in DNA yield comparing fragments of bones and bone powder stored at -20 °C for 10 years. The results show there is more DNA stored in the bone powder than in the bone fragments. Because of time - consuming powdering procedure we recommend to store not only the fragment of the bone, but obtained bone powder as well.     

处理"502"熏显指纹的一种新方法

用照相的方法来处理“5 0 2”熏显指纹是一种常见的办法 ,但如果遇到指纹遗留部位比较特殊时 ,拍照效果就会受到很大影响。本文介绍了用磁性粉末法对“5 0 2”熏显指纹进行物理染色 ,染色后用指纹胶带纸提取固定的优点、操作方法及原理。     

金丝桃素可溶性粉体外抗犬瘟热病毒的试验研究

采用先药后毒、先毒后药和药毒同加3种不同的给药方式,分别在试验开始后第72 h和96 h观察犬瘟热病毒致Vero细胞的病变情况.结果显示,犬瘟热病毒的TCID_(50)为10~(-5.68)/0.1 mL,药物的TC_0为0.312 5 g/L;与对照组比较,药物浓度在0.039～0.312 5 g/L范围内先毒后药方式的细胞生长情况良好,细胞单层完整,视野中有极少量圆细胞或死细胞,而其余两种给药方式的细胞病变明显.结果表明,金丝桃素可溶性粉在先毒后药情况下可以有效抑制犬瘟热病毒的增殖.     

The Potential of X‐Ray Diffraction in the Analysis of Burned Remains from Forensic Contexts*

Abstract: In view of the difficulties in extracting quantitative information from burned bone, we suggest a new and accurate method of determining the temperature and duration of burning of human remains in forensic contexts. Application of the powder X‐ray diffraction approach to a sample of human bone and teeth allowed their microstructural behavior, as a function of temperature (200–1000°C) and duration of burning (0, 18, 36, and 60 min), to be predicted. The experimental results from the 57 human bone sections and 12 molar teeth determined that the growth of hydroxylapatite crystallites is a direct and predictable function of the applied temperature, which follows a nonlinear logistic relationship. This will allow the forensic investigator to acquire useful information about the equilibrium temperature brought about by the burning process and to suggest a reasonable duration of fire exposure.     

Acute Respiratory Obstruction due to Accidental Inhalation of Perlite: A Novel Mechanism for Upper Airway Occlusion with Cast Formation

A 56-year-old man died following a fall resulting in complete submersion into a deep pit containing insulation material, expanded perlite. The most striking finding at autopsy was of impacted, moist pale yellow perlite that extended from the epiglottis into the main bronchi resulting in complete obstruction of the larger and smaller airways with cast formation. Perlite inhalation differs from inhalation of inert materials such as sand and wheat due to its hygroscopic properties and ability to expand forming an occlusive cast. Subsequent analyses of perlite from the worksite and within the airways indicated that hydration of perlite and adsorption of organic molecules into the perlite glass flakes had formed an interlocking, three-dimensional structure that was likely responsible for triggering a coagulation–flocculation process causing strong cohesion between the aggregates of glass flakes. This unique mechanism was likely responsible for the formation of the plug of perlite that obstructed the upper airway.     

Fingermarks development on gloves: Relative efficiency of 1,2 Indanedione/ZnCl2, ninhydrin and wet powder

Powder suspensions such as wet powder are used to develop fingermarks on adhesive surfaces. They can also be used on gloves but these ready-to-use commercial pre-mixed solutions are not entirely satisfactory. Among other things, they generate some background noise that can sometimes be substantial and make the exploitation of the fingermarks difficult. Recent studies have proven the effectiveness of a HFE ninhydrin solution on some types of gloves. Ninhydrin and 1,2-indanedione are reagents that are commonly used for the visualisation of fingermarks on porous and semi-porous substrates. Applying them on gloves might help to overcome the issue of background noise being produced by powder suspensions. In this study, several formulations of ninhydrin and 1,2-indanedione are compared to wet powder on a sample of nitrile, latex and vinyl gloves. The subsequent results show a greater effectiveness with the use of wet powder.