俄罗斯远东地区外资发展态势分析

俄罗斯远东地区由于具有丰富的资源和临近亚太地区,对国外的资金注入具有极大的吸引力。经济转轨以来,远东地区把发展外贸、吸引外资,作为加快地区经济发展,改革地区经济构成,促进工业现代化、丰富市场及加快向市场经济靠拢的重要措施。远东地区外资的分布不尽合理,各国投资的额度差距也很大。     

Return on Investment in Innovation: Implications for Institutions and National Agencies*

Commercial success in universities in the USA and Canada has resulted in many other countries taking steps to emulate this performance and major technology transfer and commercialisation support programmes have been launched in UK, Europe, Australia, Japan and many other countries—including South Africa. Unrealistic expectations have, however, been generated by the spectacular successes of a relatively few institutions and it is not always realised that the success from commercialisation is proportional to the magnitude of the investment in research. Without a well funded, high quality research system, it is not possible for technology transfer to make any significant contribution to economic development. The possible economic returns to higher education institutions from commercialisation of research can be estimated using international benchmarks. This forecast uses a combination of an institutional return on investment model and a simple economic projection. The model is generic and can be adapted for use in any institution. As more data becomes available from local (and international) sources, the model will be refined to give better estimates. The model is dynamic and shows, quantitatively, why it can take up to 10 years for an institution, and 20 years nationally, to attain a positive rate of return from an investment in research and technology transfer. The model enables the long-term impact of policy decisions, in an institution and nationally, to be examined and alternative scenarios explored. The performance of individual institutions is, however, highly variable and unpredictable. This is even for those institutions that are comparable in size and maturity. A large portfolio of patents and licences is required to give a reasonable probability of positive returns. This may be possible at a national level, but is problematic in smaller institutions—and smaller countries. Because the benefits of the innovation system are captured largely at national level, with institutions having a high uncertainty, public sector support to reduce the institutional risk is necessary to assist institutions to make the necessary investments. Technology transfer is of course only one element of the overall research and innovation value chain. All elements must be functioning effectively to derive the economic and social benefits from research. In addition to a strong research system, adequate incentives must exist to encourage academics to participate, particularly with regard to the crucial initial step of invention disclosure. After disclosure, sufficient institutional capacity must be in place to take an idea, evaluate it, protect the intellectual property appropriately and then seek a path to commercialisation through either licensing or start-up company formation. *Based on the paper “Return on Investment in Innovation: Implications for Institutions and National Agencies” presented at The First Globelics Conference on Innovation Systems and Development Strategies for the Third Millennium, Rio de Janeiro, November 2003.     

文化安全:一个关乎国家存亡的现实问题

在全球化时代的今天,文化安全是一个关乎国家存亡的现实问题。文化安全主要是指对文化主体生存权利、生存方式、文化成果及其价值核心的承认、理解和保护,是对人类文化生存、发展和进步状态程度和水平的一种反映。在资本的全球扩张中,以美国为首的西方国家是全球化的中心,其文化霸权和在意识形态上的战略使发展中国家特别是社会主义国家面临着严峻的文化安全。     

香港基本法解释权的法律思考

香港回归祖国，体现“一国两制”精神的香港基本法在香港施行。以“居留权案”为开端，全国人大常委会共对基本法进行了三次释法活动。每次的释法都会引起内地与香港法律界的巨大争议。内地与香港法律解释制度的巨大差异性是基本法解释权问题产生的根本原因，以此提出协调方法，以保持香港高度自治的同时，维护基本法的权威。     

从苏联人口结构的变化透视苏联的现代化

从人口结构入手来透视苏联的现代化程度,可清楚看到:苏联虽然是个超级大国,但并不是最发达的现代化国家。资料表明,苏联的现代化还停留在工业经济时代,还没有向更高一级的知识经济过渡,与西方国家相比,苏联的现代化要落后一个阶段。     

标本兼治搞好反腐败斗争

反腐败斗争是一项具有战略意义的社会系统工程。加强领导干部的思想道德建设 ,是反腐倡廉的治本之策 ;依法治国是反腐败斗争取得成效的关键所在。依据我国国情建立和健全反腐倡廉体系 ,确定反腐败斗争的总体战略 ,制定多管齐下有效防治的系统对策 ,把反腐败斗争进行到底 ,才能真正建设好有中国特色的社会主义。     

依法治国与以德治国的辩证关系

该文简述了依法治国和以德治国的内容,分别论述了依法治国和以德治国在国家建设中的作用,强调了依法治 国和以德治国的重要性,并就二者之间相辅相成和紧密联系的辩证关系作了阐述。     

元代“约会”审判制度与多民族国家的治理

“约会”审判制度是元代创立的，规定不同户计，即不同职业、民族、宗教的主体之间因民事及轻微刑事纠纷发生诉讼时如何管辖和审理的制度。它形成于世祖时期，经成宗、武宗、仁宗时的发展而日趋完备。该制度实质是按户计分别管辖体制下的协调机制，在实施中虽存在一定的不足，但那不是该制度本身的问题，且该制度能适应元代对多民族国家治理及对某些特殊户计管理的需要，其合理性是主要的。     

党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一的时代阐释

党的十七大提出,要坚持中国特色社会主义政治发展道路,坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一。党的执政地位是历史的选择、人民的选择,并且具有不容置疑的合宪性合法性;人民当家作主是中国特色社会主义民主政治的本质和核心;依法治国是治国方略,依法执政是依法治国的首要环节;在新形势下,坚持三者有机统一,需要正确理解和处理加强党的领导与发挥人民代表大会作用的关系。