The Strategic Prevention of Gun Violence Among Gang‐Involved Offenders

Problem‐oriented policing has been suggested as a promising way to understand and prevent complex gang violence problems. A number of jurisdictions have been experimenting with new problem‐oriented frameworks to understand and respond to gun violence among gang‐involved offenders. These interventions are based on the “pulling levers” deterrence strategy that focuses criminal justice and social service attention on a small number of chronically offending gang members responsible for the bulk of urban gun violence problems. As part of the US Department of Justice‐sponsored Project Safe Neighborhoods initiative, an interagency task force implemented a pulling levers strategy to prevent gang‐related gun violence in Lowell, Massachusetts. Our impact evaluation suggests that the pulling levers strategy was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the monthly number of gun homicide and gun‐aggravated assault incidents. A comparative analysis of gun homicide and gun‐aggravated assault trends in Lowell relative to other major Massachusetts cities also supports a unique program effect associated with the pulling levers intervention.     

Violence in Context: A Multilevel Analysis of Victim Injury in Robbery Incidents

Prior research highlights the importance of both situational variables and the broader social context in explaining the distribution of crime. It is unclear, however, whether these factors continue to influence a criminal event as it unfolds, thus affecting the severity of violence. The present study draws on developments in opportunity theory to assess the influence of situational variables and the broader social context on the severity of violence. Using incident-level data from National Incident Based Reporting System and city-level Census data, we estimated a series of multilevel models to examine the effects of location and time of day on victim injury during robberies. We also modeled cross-level interactions to observe the moderating influence of concentrated disadvantage. Findings suggest location and time of day are significantly associated with victim injury, and the broader social context conditions the effect of location on victim injury. We discuss the implications of our findings and directions for future research.     

家庭暴力主体关系模型的构建与演进——兼对“家庭成员”概念进行辨析

通过家庭暴力法律特别规制的必要性反推出家庭暴力主体可能具备的两个因素,即"亲密因素"与"共居因素";并基于上述两个假定因素,构建了"亲密关系"、"共居关系"、"扩张关系"、"依赖关系"四个家庭暴力主体关系模型,并对其适用范围做出了界定。同时总结了家庭暴力主体关系模型的两次演变过程,即"由‘依赖关系’模型转向‘亲密关系’模型"与"‘亲密关系’模型的异化";并基于此证伪了现行司法解释中"家庭成员"的概念,同时提出了自己的看法。     

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN U.S. METROPOLITAN AREAS: CHANGES IN WOMEN'S STATUS AND RISK, 1980–2004*

This article examines the impact of women's status on rates of violence against women using longitudinal data from the National Crime Survey and National Crime Victimization Survey for 40 U.S. metropolitan areas for the period 1980 to 2004. Drawing on feminist and routine activities perspectives, we specify hypotheses about the association between women's status and violent victimization, some of which predict different effects depending on whether the offender is a stranger, intimate, or known (nonintimate) other. Consistent with feminist and other perspectives, we find that absolute increases in women's labor force participation, income, and education are associated with decreases in intimate partner violence. Our findings also provide limited support for the backlash hypothesis by showing that increases in female labor participation relative to men are associated with increases in intimate partner violence but not with increases in violence by others. Consistent with routine activities theory, the data also indicate that absolute increases in female labor force participation are associated with increases in victimization by strangers and by known others. Furthermore, we find that absolute increases in female voter participation are associated with decreases in violence for all victim–offender relationship categories. The findings thus show that changes in the status of women have both positive and negative associations with violence victimization, and that comparative analyses of different types of violence are necessary for clarifying the sources of violence against women.     

On the Origins of the Violent Neighborhood: A Study of the Nature and Predictors of Crime‐Type Differentiation across Chicago Neighborhoods

Little of the literature on crime at the neighborhood level examines whether and why some crime types predominate in a given neighborhood over other types. Many macro‐level theories do make predictions about the sort of crimes that occur in some neighborhoods, although they remain largely untested. This study focuses on one of these theories, differential opportunity, and its predictions about the making of violent neighborhoods. Drawing on various data sources, this inquiry determines whether crime profiles differ across Chicago neighborhoods—that is, whether there is significant variation across neighborhoods on ratio of violent crimes to other crime types. Next, it also investigates whether the structural factors implicated in the differential opportunity perspective distinguish these neighborhoods or only predict the incidence of crime. The results reveal significant differences in the distribution of crimes across neighborhoods, as well as show that certain factors identify neighborhoods that favor violence over other crimes.     

Weapon Lethality and Social Distance: A National Test of a Social Structural Theory

Three paradigms can be used to explain weapon lethality: rational choice and deterrence theory; social learning and cultural theory; and opportunity and prevalence theory. Each makes distinct predictions regarding the economic, psychological, and environmental factors that affect the use of weapons. Despite their merits, the sum of knowledge about violence and weapons may be increased by exploring the influence of variables derived from another paradigm: pure sociology. Black’s theory of retaliation and Cooney’s principle of predation provide the underpinning for a social structural‐based theoretical principle of weapon lethality. Building on those ideas, we propose that the lethality of weapons involved in interpersonal violence increases as the offenders and victims become less intimate and less alike culturally. Using National Crime Victimization Survey data, we test two hypotheses derived from this principle and primarily find support of the proposed social structural principle.     

组织公正理论视阈下的工作场所暴力问题分析

工作场所暴力是指发生在工作场所或工作场所以外与工作关系有关的暴力行为,是针对人实施的身体侵害或心理威胁以及针对财物实施的损毁行为。组织公正是组织或单位内人们对与个人礼仪有关的组织制度、政策和公平的主观感受,组织的公正性状况影响工作场所暴力的发生情况。工作场所暴力的应对以预防为主,制度公正、管理公正和有效沟通以及组织公正文化能防范工作场所暴力的发生。加强组织的环境建设、建立组织安全预案和安全预警机制以及发展组织内部的支持资源是预防工作场所暴力发生的重要措施。     

防止利益冲突制度建设的文化诉求

建立健全防止利益冲突制度,是推进反腐倡廉制度创新的核心问题。新制度主义认为,文化是制度之母,制度的建立健全依靠文化的滋养。廉洁从政权力观是防止利益冲突制度建设的理论前提,行政伦理的法制化是防止利益冲突制度建设的基础内容,对廉政制度的信仰是防止利益冲突制度有力执行的社会保障。建立健全防止利益冲突制度,必须将廉政文化建设作为前提性、基础性和保障性工作来对待和推进。     

垄断黑金与暴力魅影——王兴强黑社会性质组织犯罪评析

公安部挂牌督办的王兴强黑社会性质组织为追逐非法利润,以合法企业为外衣,暴力垄断市场;该黑社会性质组织结构严密,并拉拢国家工作人员包庇、纵容犯罪行为。在司法实践中,应加强市场监管,严厉整治社会秩序;制定专门法规,准确认定黑社会性质组织犯罪：强化司法部门的特殊打击能力,有力打击黑社会性质组织犯罪;严厉打击国家工作人员涉黑职务犯罪,彻底消除“保护伞”的庇护;加大对洗钱行为的预防、监控和打击力度。