地方政府借贷监管体系构建的国际经验与启示

政府监管是解决市场失灵的一种有效机制。尽管世界各国的政府监管模式各有不同,构建的背景和内容也有所区别,但都是基于以矫正和解决市场失灵为目的而建立的。当下我国正处于转轨时期,虽然设立了相应的政府监管机构,但不论是理念还是职能上都偏重于传统意义上的监管,与现代意义上的监管还相差甚远。加之当前我国的市场经济体制还不健全,政府的管理理念与发展方式还保留着计划经济时期的传统,法制环境还不完善。因此,如何把我国传统的政府监管转变为现代意义的政府监管就显得尤为重要。这不仅能提高政府的监管能力,建立独立、公开、透明的现代监管体系,同时还是健全和完善市场经济体制,融入经济全球化进程的必然要求。     

“首要标准”下监狱企业转型发展的实践与思考

监狱企业的发展必须服务于"首要标准",以实现其价值功能为最终目标,这是最大的现实。应分析监狱企业发展,在职能上实现其经济型向改造型转变,在结构上实现复合型向单一型转变,在管理模式上实现监管劳动型向社会劳动型转变。监狱企业服务于"首要标准"的现实途径是:重视"首要标准"下监狱企业立法,以适合罪犯劳动改造为基点调整产业结构,健全劳动改造管理机制,建立劳动竞争和报酬机制,规范劳动现场管理,强化罪犯劳动的教育功能。     

检察机关提前介入机制的实践困境反思——以公安机关承办的刑事案件为视角

在现行刑事司法环境下,保障人权的呼声高涨,重大疑难犯罪频发,证据收集和采信的标准日益严格,刑事犯罪治理面临前所未有的挑战,提前介入作为检察引导和监督侦查的工作机制迎来了制度适用的好时机。然而提前介入机制却因立法规制过于原则化、实践配套性规范的缺失和地方化司法实践需要的绑架难以发挥预期的立法规制价值,陷入制度践行不畅的难产局面,从而面临机制的使命认知迷茫、介入必要性争议不断、介入适度性标准不一这三大困境。     

Alcohol and Parasomnias: The Statistical Evaluation of the Parasomnia Defense in Sexual Assault,Where Alcohol is Involved

Sleep sex may be a defense for alleged sexual assault. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD3) states: “Disorders of arousal should not be diagnosed in the presence of alcohol intoxication… The former [alcohol blackouts] are exponentially more prevalent.” A panel member of ICSD3, quoting ICSD3 asserts: “alcohol intoxication should rule out a sleep-walking defense”. This implies extremely strong support for a prosecution hypothesis (H_p) over a defense hypothesis (H_d). I use Bayesian methodology to evaluate the evidential probity of alcohol intoxication. The likelihood ratio, LR, measures the amplification of prior odds of guilt, . By Bayes' theorem, . I use data from cross-sectional studies of sexual assault and prevalence of alcohol use, in college students, with data from longitudinal studies, and data from the epidemiology of parasomnias to evaluate LR (alcohol). LR ~1.5 or 5, depending whether alcohol does, or does not, increase the risk of parasomnias. The proposition of extremely strong support for H_p implies a LR ~1,000,000, so the proposition in ICSD3 is not supported by formal analysis. The statistical reasoning in ICSD3 is unclear. There appears to be inversion of the Bayesian conditional (confusing intoxication given assault, and assault given intoxication) and failure to evaluate alcohol intoxication in H_d. Similar statistical errors in R. v Sally Clark are discussed. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine should review the statistical methodology in ICSD3.     

专利保护平衡机制的实现——兼议最高人民法院相关司法解释

因文字语言表达的限制,专利权人较难通过权利要求足够好地描述其发明构思,在权利要求公示的基础上,通过引进等同物来扩大专利权的保护范围,充分保护专利权人的发明构思,成为各国的通行做法。在构建等同侵权的要件、确认等同侵权的例外方面,遵循公平原则始终是平衡专利权人与公众利益的标杆。现有技术抗辩中采用"容易推导"代替"新颖性"标准,等同侵权中以"置换容易性"代替"无创造性"要件,法官在评价"容易推导"及"置换容易"时参考所属技术领域技术人员的专家证言,可实现双方利益的平衡。     

把握公平与效率的双重价值取向——论我国商标权取得制度的完善

商标权取得制度是商标法的核心,也是解决商标争议的根本依据。我国商标法较多地借鉴了大陆法系国家的商标法,并且具有浓厚的商标行政管理法特色,在商标权取得制度上偏重于商标注册和管理的效率性,较少体现公平,客观上使得商标抢注成风、不公平竞争泛滥、问题商标成灾,最终导致了整体效率的丧失。美国兰哈姆法坚持公平优先,兼顾效率,使两者有机结合、相辅相成,其商标权取得制度建立在使用主义的基础上,并科学地引入了在先申请主义的内容,使其制度设计不断优化,为我国商标法的修改和完善提供了可资借鉴的范本。     

The Effects of Prior Workplace Behavior on Subsequent Sexual Harassment Judgments

A dual processing model of sexual harassment judgments predicted that the behavior of a complainant in a prior case would influence evaluations in an unrelated subsequent case. In the first of two experimental scenarios depicting social-sexual conduct at work, the female complainant's conduct was manipulated to be aggressive, submissive, ambiguous, or neutral. Half of the participants were asked to reflect upon the first scenario after reading it and before answering responsibility questions. The other half simply reviewed the scenario and answered the questions. When the complainant acted aggressively, her behavior in the first scenario caused men who reflected on the fact pattern to find less evidence of harassment. Most interestingly, an aggressive complainant observed in the first scenario caused participants (especially women) to rate lower the likelihood that a neutral complainant in a second independent case was the victim of gender discrimination. Across cases, men found less evidence of harassment than did women.     

立宪政体中的赋税问题

以赋税问题作为看待财产权与宪政制度之关系的一个切入点 ,通过对财产权在宪政之先的论述 ,提出赋税的合法性问题。当前的财政危机导致对源自民间的赋税的依赖性增强 ,从而凸现出赋税合法性的危机。解决这一危机的方向是继续沿着财产权入宪的思路 ,确立“税收法定”的宪政主义的赋税模式。     

我国政府信息公开的立法模式选择

通过对外国政府信息公开的三种立法模式的考察,分析我国政府信息公开立法地方先行立法的实践经验,地方先行立法模式是唯一适合我国国情的政府信息公开的立法模式,但地方政府信息公开立法仍需进一步完善。     

Understanding Date Rape Attitudes and Behaviors: Exploring the Influence of Race,Gender, and Prior Sexual Victimization

This exploratory investigation examines the influence of race, gender, and prior sexual victimization on attitudes and behaviors related to date rape from a large sample of college students (n = 3,084) in the United States. The results of this study indicate that gender was a salient factor, with males more likely to subscribe to undesirable attitudes toward date rape and to engage in behaviors that increase the risk of both men and women perpetrating date rape. Findings also indicate that racial differences exist in that black students were less likely to subscribe to undesirable attitudes and to engage in sexual behaviors that increase the risk of perpetrating date rape than were white students. Finally, the analyses found previous sexual victimization experiences unexpectedly increased undesirable attitudes toward and behaviors associated with date rape. Implications of the results are discussed.