How virtual are virtual economies? An exploration into the legal, social and economic nature of virtual world economies

Virtual world economies are undoubtedly increasing in growth, participation and importance. Their macroeconomic impact has already been seen as important in the real world economies; however its governance and jurisdiction is unclear. This paper will argue that virtual economies are not actually as virtual as they first appear to be. Secondly the paper argues that because of the real world effects and impacts virtual world economies can have, they should be applicable to real world jurisdictions and regulations. The question that is therefore posed is in which jurisdiction should the legal backbone be placed? The paper will be divided into several parts. Firstly, a background of what virtual worlds are, and what they mean in linguistic definition. Secondly, a review of law economics and history shall be considered to determine that what is once considered ‘other worldly’ is accepted as the norm. Thirdly, the paper will consider a virtual world economy, namely that of Second Life to establish the real world impacts that virtual world economies can have. Fourthly, the paper will consider two case studies of financial crisis occurring in the virtual worlds and the synergies we can draw from the real world. Finally, the paper will conclude with the proposition that legal governance is required and will enable what is already a lucrative business to flourish further within the realms of possibility and not virtually.     

公用事业特许经营中的临时接管程序研究——从“内蒙古西乌旗政府临时接管民营热电企业案”切入

在公用事业特许经营的实施过程中,当公共利益遭受或面临重大损害时,监管者有权采取临时接管措施来保障公用事业运营的连续性和稳定性.然而,实践中的临时接管操作存在着程序倒置、程序缺失、程序失调等重大的程序瑕疵.公用事业特许经营临时接管程序法制的缺失,加剧了政府临时接管行为的合法性危机.危机消解的根本之道在于强化临时接管程序的立法规定,通过对申请、听证、决定、启动、执行、终止六大程序的系统建构来约束政府的临时接管行为,保障各方利益主体的合法权益.     

加强中国公共管理的本地化研究

在公共管理研究的本地化过程中,必须明确本地化的原因、对象、机制和结果等几个环节和问题,也就是为什么要进行中国公共管理研究的本地化、本地化选择的理论是什么,怎样进行本地化以及本地化的结果又应该是什么的问题。     

构建有公安特色的校园文化为公安队伍培养创新型人才

公安院校的校园文化是在公安院校校园特定的时空条件下,积淀形成的文化氛围,是公安院校创新人才培养的核心和灵魂,是公安院校重要的教育资源。公安院校要认真寻求开展好具有公安院校特色的校园文化教育体系,注重培养公安一线的创新人才。     

“We really don’t want to move,but...”: identity and strategy in the internationalisation of industrial R&;D

In Norway, as in many other high-cost OECD countries in a geographical and cultural periphery, policy-makers seem to have given up attempts at attracting large numbers of foreign R&D investments. Instead, a major focus of innovation policies is to help companies internationalise yet with an aim to maintain or even increase their level of R&D and other innovation activities nationally. Based on case studies of eight Norwegian companies and their motives for and experiences with internationalisation of R&D, this article questions this policy. From the perspective of the companies, many factors explain how, why and where they carry out their R&D activities.      

From British subjects to Australian values: a citizenship-building approach to Australia–Asia relations

Australia–Asia relations are inextricably bound up with the development of notions of statehood and citizenship. The argument advanced here is that the way a state acts within the international community markedly determines how it relates to its own citizens. Here we suggest that the continuing and politically resonant idea of Australia as a ‘middle power’ is a crucial thread that links the international and national dimensions of citizenship building. From the very beginning of Federation, the contingent sovereignty of the new Australian Commonwealth in the imperial order became necessarily entangled with debate over national political institutions and citizenship building. Long after the end of the British Empire, the notion of middle power politics has determined the nature and shape of citizenship building. These statecraft projects of ‘citizenship building’ are profoundly shaped, determined and reinforced by the institutions and policies of regional engagement. We explore this framework through three critical junctures of domestic and external policy: 1. the emergence of dominion status on the basis of a common racial and cultural identity within the empire in the first half of the century;

2. the developing notion of a good international citizen during the Hawke and Keating period;

3. the invocation of Australian values by John Howard.

     

群体性纠纷的构成与法院司法政策的选择

就中国法院处理群体性纠纷的司法政策，学界存在大相径庭的评价。通过观察我国当前群体性纠纷的构成，可以发现，我国群体性纠纷呈现明显的多元化特征，各类纠纷对于纠纷处理机制的要求和对法院的挑战也不同。而无论是法院现行司法政策的设计还是学者对此种司法政策的批评，莫不体现了一种一元化的思维方式。在未来的制度建设和理论研究当中，需要摈弃这种思维方式，倡导一种“类型化处理”的思路。     

我国高校学生权利探讨

在我国高等教育实行成本补偿政策后，高校内部管理行为开始进入司法审查的视野。坚持依法治校、依法执教、完善高校管理、保护学生合法权利已成为社会关注的热点，也成为高校亟待解决的问题。高校学生的权利应包括：公法上的权利和私法上的权利。     

发挥各级行政学院在公务员培训中的主阵地作用——关于贯彻落实《公务员法》的思考

根据《公务员法》的有关规定“专门的公务员培训机构”就是各级行政学院，我国省以下的各级行政学院（学校）均是挂靠各级党校，而各级党校历来就是培训、轮训各级干部的权威教育机构，各级行政学院（学校）无论在权威性方面，还是在师资、设备、培训成本等方面，都是最具优势的公务员培训机构。     

论公用企业滥用垄断力行为

随着人民生活水平的提高和社会经济的迅猛发展,公用企业在向社会提供服务过程中存在的诸多问题越来越受到人们的关注,其中倍受争议的就是公用企业滥用垄断力问题。对公用企业垄断力的获得方式以及公用企业滥用垄断力行为的内含、特征、主要表现形式及其危害性的认识,是正确判断和有效规制该种行为的重要前提。