Conclusion: agency,context and emergent post-uprising regimes

This conclusion summarizes the evidence explaining the divergent trajectories taken by post Arab uprising states in terms of multiple variables, each illustrated by an iconic case, namely: State Failure and Competitive governance (Syria), Regime Restoration and Hybrid Governance (Egypt) and Polyarchic Governance (Tunisia). Factors include the starting point: levels of opposition mobilization and regimes' resilience – a function of their patrimonial-bureaucratic balance; whether or not a transition coalition forms is crucial for democratization prospects. Context also matters for democratization, particularly political economic factors, such as a balance of class power and a productive economy; political culture (level of societal identity cleavages) and a minimum of international intervention. Finally, the balance of agency between democracy movements, Islamists, the military and workers shapes democratization prospects.     

The Chimera of Proportionality: Institutionalising Limits on Punishment in Contemporary Social and Political Systems

The concept of proportionality has been central to the retributive revival in penal theory, and underlies desert theory's normative and practical commitment to limiting punishment. Theories of punishment combining desert‐based and consequentialist considerations also appeal to proportionality as a limiting condition. In this paper we argue that these claims are founded on an exaggerated idea of what proportionality can offer, and in particular fail properly to consider the institutional conditions needed to foster robust limits on the state's power to punish. The idea that appeals to proportionality as an abstract ideal can help to limit punishment is, we argue, a chimera: what has been thought of as proportionality is not a naturally existing relationship, but a product of political and social construction, cultural meaning‐making, and institution‐building. Drawing on evolutionary psychology and comparative political economy, we argue that philosophers and social scientists need to work together to understand how the appeal of the idea of proportionality can best be realised through substantive institutional frameworks under particular conditions.     

坚持科学发展观 推动山西经济健康发展

片面的发展观曾使山西的经济发展迷失了方向,而科学发展观的提出则更新了山西的发展理念,使山西省委省政府确立了正确的政绩观、群众观、人才观和发展观,从而为山西的发展指明了正确的方向。只有正确地把握科学发展观,大力发展循环经济,对传统工业进行改造;加强创新体系建设,整合资源延长产业链;挖掘历史文化资源,大力发展旅游业;对企业发展重新定位,先做强再做大,才能把山西的经济发展不断地推向前进。     

论网络经济及其对传统经济的影响

网络经济的形成及发展是以网络产业的兴起和发展为标志的,而网络产业的兴起和发展是信息产业和互联网发展的必然结果。网络经济正对传统的经济理论、经济体制、经济政策、经济结构、经济全球化、全球资源分配等一系列问题产生重大而深刻的影响,对此,我们必须给予充分重视。     

加入WTO对中国经济安全的影响及对策

加入WTO ,我国经济主权的独立性将会受到一定的冲击 ,我国的市场安全将面临新的挑战 ,我国的产业结构调整将受到一定的阻碍 ,人才短缺、流失现象将日趋严重 ,因此我们应采取积极对策 ,变被动为主动 ,大大促进我国经济发展。     

循环经济法律制度完善之我见

自 2 0世纪 90年代可持续发展确立以来 ,国际社会均把发展循环经济看作是深化可持续发展战略的重要途径 ,在西方各国环境保护立法中循环经济理念已成为新的价值追求之一。但是我国资源循环利用的法律中存在着一些问题 ,所以 ,在推进循环经济形成的时候 ,需要借鉴国外立法的先进之处 ,完善环境保护立法。     

从公共政府的建立看公共财政特征

在西方国家里,财政就是公共财政,而在我国可以说是我们经过几十年的旧式财政运行机制同新型市场经济体制激烈碰击之后悟出的真谛。财政改革的目标模式是建立公共财政的问题越来越引起人们的重视。本文试图从公共政府的执政理念的角度,把握公共财政的实质性特征。以期探索在现代市场经济条件下建立公共财政的新路。     

新疆地方经济立法的成本分析

新疆绝大多数立法部门在立法前没有进行成本、效益化均衡的经济分析,造成新疆地方经济立法成本过高。进行必要的立法成本分析,树立立法成本效益观念,在保证立法质量的情况下,控制立法成本的支出,建设节约型社会。     

列宁与邓小平经济思想之比较

列宁在领导苏维埃俄国恢复国民经济的过程中,根据俄国当时所面临的国内外实际提出并实行了新经济政策;邓小平在领导和指导中国改革开放的过程中,总结国内外社会主义建设的经验教训,提出并形成了社会主义市场经济理论。列宁与邓小平经济思想既有广泛的一致性,又有较多的区别:前者是后者的思想来源之一,后者是前者的延伸和发展。     

全面建设小康与社会公平

全面建设小康社会对公平的要求有两个主要内容:减少绝对贫困人口的数量和缩小人们收入及财产数量的差别。社会主义市场经济条件下的社会公平必须建立在效率的基础上。目前及今后一段时期内,我国社会仍然处在为公平奠定效率基础的阶段,要按照党的十六大精神,坚持"效率优先、兼顾公平"的分配政策取向,初次分配注重效率,再分配注重公平。