Differentiation of Cosmetic Foundation Creams Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: A Rapid and NonDestructive Approach in Trace Evidence Analysis

Cosmetic foundation creams are encountered as evidentiary material in criminal investigations, particularly in cases related to sexual and physical assault against women. Analyzing foundation cream exhibit is a challenging task as the exhibit is recovered in trace quantity with similar hue. In the present study, ATR FTIR spectroscopy which is a rapid, nondestructive, sensitive, reliable, and safe alternative to other analytical techniques has been used to differentiate 31 cosmetic foundation creams belonging to 23 different brands supported by chemometric methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The discriminating power of visual analysis is found to be 98.0%, while PCA and LDA further increased the discriminating power to 99.3% and 100%, respectively. The blind test is conducted with three unknown samples (pretended to be unknown to the analyst), which were correctly linked with their respective source. Further, the effect of substrate such as tissue paper (dry and wet) and white cotton cloth during sample analysis are also examined to simulate the actual forensic casework conditions. The stains on substrates could be identified and linked to its parent product as well. The reported method provides significant results for the differentiation of cosmetic foundation creams.     

CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES AND THE TREATMENT OF PAKISTAN’S RELIGIOUS MINORITIES

Although Pakistan was created as a homeland for South Asia's Muslims, religious freedom was one of its founding principles. Seventy years later, Pakistan is better known for religious extremism and the persecution of Muslim and non-Muslim religious minorities. Pakistan's blasphemy law is a state-sanctioned tool of religious oppression used to target members of minority faith communities whether Ahmadiya, Christian, Hindu, or Shiite, as well as Sunnis who criticize the law. This paper discusses the blasphemy law and other laws that have led to the state of religious oppression in Pakistan.     

论中国特色社会主义的价值自觉

中国特色社会主义的伟大实践是中国共产党领导中国人民正在进行的一场伟大的价值实践活动。价值自觉是价值自信的基础和前提，价值自信是价值自觉的结果和归宿，只有对事实的高度的价值自觉才能铸就对事实的充分的价值自信。唯有中国特色社会主义的价值自觉才能铸就中国特色社会主义的价值自信。中国特色社会主义理论体系要想深入人心、扎根广大人民群众，就必须培育中国特色社会主义的价值自觉，以增强中国特色社会主义的价值自信。中国特色社会主义的价值自信必将铸就中华民族的社会主义价值认同，必将奠定全体人民为了中国特色社会主义的政治理想和价值目标而共同奋斗的重要文化基础。     

Interpretation and mutability: socio-legal texts of the Quran; three accounts from contemporary Iran

Since the advent of the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979, radical changes have taken place in the views of many Iranian scholars regarding the nature of religious belief. In particular, the issue of the compatibility or incompatibility of Islam's socio-legal precepts and the challenges of time and space have become a crucial matter for numerous Iranian intellectuals. This paper discusses how three prominent Iranian intellectuals of the post-revolutionary era, namely Mostafa Malekian, Mohsen Kadivar and Hasan Yousefi-Eshkevari, have put forward arguments in favor of the contingent nature of the Quran's socio-legal passages. The paper argues that these scholars challenge the notion of the immutability of the Quran's socio-legal texts, claiming that they could be applied differently depending on the specific time and place. In this sense, the paper establishes the groundwork for showing how these scholars have re-examined traditional understandings of religion in light of the new challenges that are arising in the modern world.     

论政府数据开放立法的路径及其选择--以《贵阳市政府数据共享开放条例》为例

政府数据开放立法根植于开放政府运动,是政府数据开放顺利进行之基石。大数据时代,行政机关成为海量政府数据的产生者、保有者,如何让政府数据资源发挥其巨大价值,服务于公共利益,摆脱"束之高阁"的命运,政府数据开放立法的路径尝试不可或缺。不管是从权利基础,还是政策嬗变、适法依据,政府数据开放立法具有其内在的正当性。但基于法律的滞后性和稳定性,我国的政府数据开放出现了实践先行、立法滞后的局面。通过对《贵阳市政府数据共享开放条例》的深入挖掘和分析,可管窥政府数据开放立法路径的未来走向,因此应通过对贵阳立法实践的反思和批判,肯定贵阳的创新与可取之处,同时指明政府数据开放的功能定位,比较分析三种立法模式的利弊,厘清政府数据开放的关键语义,为政府数据开放从条例上升到法律提供参考。     

Toleration,neutrality, and freedom: a reply

ABSTRACT

In defending toleration against its many critics, Respecting Toleration has both conceptual and normative aims. Conceptually, I defend and explain the coherence of political toleration. This involves, in part, highlighting a distinction between two forms of toleration; one of which always involves objection, and one which does not. Normatively, I defend a particular understanding of toleration as the best way of accommodating contemporary diversity. In brief, the state should be guided by an active ideal of neutrality, and citizens must at minimum engage in forbearance tolerance with each others’ differences. In this paper, I respond to four main lines of criticism. The first is that my understanding of toleration – in which objection is not always necessary – is too broad, and that my non-moralised understanding of forbearance tolerance requires additional context. Second, my discussion of neutrality runs together the distinction between an active/passive state with a large/small state; wrongly fails to distinguish between mere preferences and deeply held beliefs; and is really a concern about equality. Third, my freedom-based justification for toleration is too limited; and may, in fact, enable recognition rather than resist it. Fourth, my rejection of inter-citizen respect for difference is too quick.     

确立无因管理人报酬请求权的价值取向

大陆法系将无因管理划归"债权法"范畴,其重点在于保护无因管理人的权利,与之对立的是英美法系,它从衡平原则出发,从保护"本人"的自由角度来考虑问题。正是因为二者的出发点不同,才为法律在处置无因管理人之报酬请求权一事上提供了两种不同的思考路径:前者肯定了无因管理行为的积极意义,后者从权利义务的平等角度提出要防止管理权被滥用的可能性。这也为中国今后的民事立法提供了更为广阔的研究空间,并因之而加深对成立无因管理的道德基础与文化价值的理解,为最终解决管理人的报酬请求权问题提供正确的理据。     

谈性贿赂立法

在对我国性贿赂行为的普遍性及其危害性分析之后,对我国设立性贿赂犯罪的刑法学理论基础进行论述,提出在中国现行刑法典中增设性贿赂的相关条款,以更好地保障国家工作人员职务的廉洁性。     

受害人同意的效力限制

在美国侵权法中,受害人同意是被告针对原告提起的故意侵权[1]诉讼可以主张的抗辩事由之一.受害人同意是被告针对原告提起的故意侵权诉讼所主张的抗辩事由.被告的抗辩得到法庭支持,必须以同意的有效成立为前提.同意的效力一般会受到同意的能力、同意的范围、同意的基础、同意的内容等因素的影响.