风险社会视域下领导者韧性:表征、概念与框架

当前社会面临比以往更繁多、更复杂、影响更大的传统和非传统叠加的公共安全风险。风险呈现突发、密集、叠加、蔓延等特征。城市管理者面临的挑战已不再是单一的冲击或压力而是多种挑战的结合。领导者面对不确定、风险交织的环境,表现出的不适应性使得他们在应对风险过程中极其被动,频频出现失误。韧性框架为领导者防范和化解风险提供了新的理论视角和方法论,领导者意识到可能发生的风险,对风险和危机的解释力、风险治理能力及有效化解风险和危机的行动构成了领导者韧性框架“解释—能力—行动”的三个维度,为增强领导者在未来风险和危机中的抵御力、适应力、恢复力和转化力提供理论指导。     

Climate-smart agriculture: what is it good for?

Leading international organisations presently argue that a transition to ‘climate-smart agriculture’ (CSA) is an obligatory task to ensure food supply for an anticipated nine billion people by 2050. Despite the rubric’s newfound importance, the conceptual underpinnings of CSA are often left unclear. Focusing on the World Bank’s framework, this paper critically interrogates the principles and concepts that underpin CSA. It argues that while CSA provides greater policy space for more holistic approaches to agriculture, it nonetheless operates within an apolitical framework that is narrowly focused on technical fixes at the level of production. This depoliticised approach to the global food system tends to validate existing policy agendas and minimise questions concerning power, inequality and access. By highlighting four strong tensions that permeate the CSA framework, the paper extols the need to greatly widen the scope of debate. To this end, it proposes an alternative ‘climate-wise’ framework to foreground the inherently political dimensions of food and agriculture in an era of climatic change.     

Cornwall's Devolution Deal: Towards a More Sustainable Governance?

This article considers the devolution deal signed by Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly in the summer of 2015. It asks if the deal constitutes a more sustainable approach to governance, concluding that while there are some factors that help to enhance sustainability, other areas urgently require more attention. These claims are made through an analysis of a model of sustainability which emphasises the importance of networks and feedback loops envisaging civil society as an adaptive organism. This helps to show that although power is significantly dispersed in some aspects of the ‘Cornwall Deal’, this latter does little to alter the highly centralised nature of governance across England, or provide spaces where local actors can feed back into central policy.     

新发展格局下我国数据要素市场培育的逻辑机理与推进策略

作为数字经济时代的关键生产要素,数据要素通过市场化配置参与到社会再生产全过程中来,在促进各类资源要素流动配置、畅通国内国际经济循环方面发挥着不可替代的重要作用,培育数据要素市场是构建新发展格局的内在要求和必然选择。首先,在内涵界 定和特征描述的基础上,阐释了数据要素市场培育助推新发展格局构建的内在逻辑机理：一方面是通过畅通要素循环推动全要素生产率提高,另一方面是通过增强经济韧性支撑国内国际经济循环畅通。其次,着眼于数据要素的产权界定、市场化配置、市场开放共享和参与分 配四个方面,归纳出新发展格局下我国数据要素市场培育的制约因素。最后,针对以上制约 因素,分别提出要通过加强数据确权、建设高标准数据市场体系、扩大数据开放共享、实现数 据参与分配来培育数据要素市场,从而为推动构建新发展格局提供有力支撑。     

Resilience and disaster risk reduction: reclassifying diversity and national identity in post-earthquake Nepal

This paper discusses disaster resilience in the context of disaster risk reduction. It focuses on how the Nepali state, through disaster risk reduction and resilience strategies, is reinventing the ‘diversity’ question in Nepal. Disaster risk management and disaster risk reduction are being used to create a specific form of national identity that paradoxically both segregates and excludes ethnic and traditional communities through a variety of strategies of paternalism and inclusivity. The emerging state-led use of exploiting and capturing ethnic and indigenous ‘traditional knowledge’ is part of the government’s disaster risk strategy. This is sanctioned by multilateral bodies, which further legitimates subtle practices of exclusion through state-led monitoring. This has wider implications for contested narratives on Nepali democracy and federalism.     

Community resilience: a policy tool for local government?

In many countries, local government has been a prime target of austerity measures. In response, local authorities are exploring a new repertoire of policy approaches in a bid to provide more with less. In England, local authorities have been drawn to community resilience as a pragmatic response to the challenge of deploying shrinking resources to support communities exposed to social and economic disruption. This application of resilience thinking is not without its challenges. It demands a working definition of community resilience that recognises the potential for communities to prove resilient to shocks and disruptions, but avoids blaming them for their predicament. There is also the practical challenge of developing and targeting interventions to promote and protect resilience. This paper sets out to explore these issues and establish the potential utility of community resilience as a policy tool through case study analysis in the city of Sheffield.     

Paradoxical leadership in public sector organisations: Its role in fostering employee resilience

Government organisations, and their employees, need to be resilient to manage challenges such as resource constraints, rising demands, and the tensions and contradictions that underlie much public sector work, often stemming from the need to balance different stakeholder interests. Employee resilience, defined as the capacity to continuously adapt and flourish, even in the face of challenge, is an individual level construct that also benefits organisations. Despite its benefits, little is known about how to foster it. This paper explores whether paradoxical leadership (PL) can contribute to employee resilience. PL – the ability to balance competing structural and relational demands over time – may be one means of supporting employee resilience, as it corresponds to the tensions and paradoxes that exist in public sector work. This correspondence between PL and tensions in public administration work means that PL may also help employees behave resiliently. Findings from a quantitative survey (n = 233) in a large New Zealand public sector organisation indicate that PL antecedes resilience. The effect of PL facets on employee resilience is partially mediated by perceptions of organisational support.     

Risk and Protective Factors for Peer Victimization in Adolescents with ADHD

ABSTRACT

Youth with ADHD are more at-risk for peer victimization than their typically developing peers, and may not be benefiting from current interventions. Thus, we sought to examine risk (i.e., anxiety, depression, and forms of aggression) and protective (i.e., social skills and social acceptance) factors for peer victimization in this group. Participants were 123 young adolescents diagnosed with ADHD, who were attending grades six through eight. We found that relational aggression (i.e., excluding others from activities) and anxiety symptoms were among the strongest risk factors for victimization. Anxiety symptoms were associated with victimization over and above depressive symptoms. Social acceptance buffered risk conferred by the risk factors. Future work is needed to investigate the degree to which the relations among internalizing symptoms and victimization differ in youth with ADHD relative to typically developing youth, and assess causality of the relations.     

行动视角下的社区应急管理策略与韧性机制建设：以杭州市杨柳郡社区为例

社区治理当前面临风险情境的挑战，因此需要加强社区应急管理体系以应对各类风险的冲击。居民有效参与是应对风险的重要因素，但已有研究主要从物质、制度和规范角度分析社区的应急体系建设，而较少讨论何种应急管理策略可以形塑恰当的社会环境以构建个体韧性，激活主体力量。对此本文结合行动系统理论，构建了行动视角的韧性机制建设框架，并结合浙江省综合减灾示范社区杭州市杨柳郡社区的案例分析，阐释针对行动系统不同部分的社区应急管理策略。研究发现，文化系统中的价值与规范是动机的来源，确定性是人格系统理性认知和行动的条件，党建引领和社群网络的结合是推动多主体参与的重要手段。本文通过构建行动视角下的社区韧性机制建设框架，对推动社区应急管理提供理论支撑和经验参考。     

疫情防控视域下社区媒介参与社区治理的路径优化:演进韧性与技术嵌入

演进韧性强调系统在危机中变化、适应和转变的能力,为现代风险社会中社区媒介参与社区治理的路径优化提供了新的理论资源和视角。据此审视疫情防控中邻里互助、技术嵌入下以信任与合作为基础的多元交叉网络、社区中“隐私悖论”负面性的消解及微基建项目的推进发现,疫情防控期间社区的内部边界并未封闭,居民主导的治理模式在强调社区韧性的背景下愈发重要。社区媒介结合互联网、大数据、区块链等新一代信息技术的去中心化赋权,为居民自治机制中由“精英模式”向“共建人模式”转型提供了替代方案:通过设计基于区块链技术的社区社交媒介,在其与线下公共空间的互动中完成共建人的开发与培养,继而发展多样的内生性社区自组织以建立居民自治主导的社区韧性。