美国证据排除规则的衰变及其启示——以Herring v. United States案为主线的考察

2009年1月的Herring v.United States案判决是近年来美国联邦最高法院关于证据排除规则方面影响最大的判决,它确立了＂过失行为所得非法证据不适用证据排除＂的新规则。该判决以其不同以往任何案例的特殊性引发了关于证据排除的存在必要性、适用范围、审查模式等一系列问题的理论探讨和实务争议。以该判决前后美国联邦最高法院的态度转变和学界回应为鉴,我国证据排除规则的确立应定位于阻吓违法行为,以过错原则为判断标准,并配合职务监督方式施行。     

民事诉讼证据交换制度的立法探讨

证据交换的正当性虽然无可置疑,但其被规避适用却是实务中的普遍现象。设置证据交换制度有诉讼效率的考量,但其首要的价值目标却是公平和公正。审判效率得以提高的秘密不在于证据交换本身,而在于证据交换制度所依存的具有不可逆性的二元性诉讼结构。在制度层面上,司法解释与《民事诉讼法》的不兼容及司法解释技术自身的问题应当予以检讨。完整的具有实效性和可操作性的证据交换规则的确立包括两个大的方面：一是包含有实体性因素的证据交换规则;二是包含有程序性因素的证据交换规则。     

强制性戒毒措施的实施现状及其改革

《中华人民共和国禁毒法》废除了传统的强制戒毒和劳教戒毒,重新确立了由强制隔离戒毒、社区戒毒和社区康复等三种新的戒毒措施构成的强制性戒毒体系。该法近五年的运作实践表明,这三种戒毒措施的实施效果违背了立法者的初衷,“宜粗不宜细”的立法模式所造成的弊端也逐渐开始显现。我国应该明确“社区为主、隔离为辅”的强制性戒毒措施体系,同时对强制隔离戒毒和社区戒毒进行制度性完善。     

我国需要依赖性派生品种制度吗?——以我国种业发展为基点

依赖性派生品种制度是UPOV公约1991年文本引入的制度,作为植物新品种保护权利扩张的表现形式,将对我国种业的发展产生影响。我国种业的育种创新能力、种业企业的自主创新能力和国际竞争力还很弱,建立依赖性派生品种制度不利于我国种业的发展。我国应利用国际条约为发展中国家规定的缓冲期来寻求生机,完善与依赖性派生品种制度相关的育种体制,改善育种创新环境,完善植物新品种保护的配套制度。     

Corporate social responsibility as new challenge for the IT industry

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a relevant topic for enterprises offering products and services on a global scale. International organizations provide for guidelines and private associations publish codes of conduct requiring businesses to integrate social, environmental and ethical aspects, human rights as well as consumer concerns into their operations. Not at least the EU is promoting CSR through an Agenda for Action 2011–14. The implementation of CSR is a multidimensional ethical process and gains particular importance for the IT industry which by its nature is global. Therefore, IT enterprises are invited to conduct a CSR assessment, to develop a CSR strategy and to implement CSR commitments. These tasks are to be done by introducing specific CSR processes and compliance measures for risk assessment and risk mitigation.     

Does Control Make a Difference? The Moral Foundations of Shareholder Liability for Corporate Wrongs

The doctrine of limited liability, as traditionally understood, prevents shareholders from being held personally liable for corporate wrongs. Several authors have recently argued that the doctrine should be modified to make some or all shareholders individually liable for torts committed by corporations in which they hold shares. This article distinguishes three types of argument that might provide a moral basis for shareholder liability in such cases. I contend that while these arguments support holding at least some shareholders liable for corporate torts, they fail to justify a general regime of unlimited pro rata shareholder liability. The level of control shareholders exercise over a company makes an important difference to their moral duties to compensate victims of corporate wrongdoing.     

Post‐Secularism and the European Court of Human Rights: Or How God Never Really Went Away

This article analyses the critical yet elusive notions of state neutrality, secularism and religious coercion under the European Convention in light of the European Court of Human Rights recent decision in Lautsi v Italy. We contend that the real concern in the Italian crucifix case was not the infringement of the school pupils’ religious freedom nor the proselytising or coercive effect of the ‘passive’ religious symbols. Rather, opponents of the longstanding symbols were animated by desire for strict religious equality, a notion that is, correctly in our view, not guaranteed under the Convention. Lautsi has significantly cleared the conceptual undergrowth surrounding state neutrality and the varieties of secularism, reined in the elastic notion of religious coercion and eschewed attempts to squeeze the constitutional diversity of European religion‐state frameworks into a strict American‐style separationist mould. The Convention jurisprudence on freedom of religion has finally come of age.     

比较法视野下的《合同法司法解释（二）》悬赏广告规定之质疑

悬赏广告自古有之,今日犹然,且日益普遍。关于悬赏广告法律性质之争论,也从未止息。《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国合同法〉若干问题的解释（二）》第3条虽对悬赏广告作出了规定,但较为原则且并未明确悬赏广告的法律性质。笔者认为,对悬赏广告法律性质之确定,应借鉴德国等大陆法系诸多国家之立法例,采单独行为说为宜。     

论民事诉讼中的经验法则

由于立法的语焉不详,实践中法官对待经验法则的态度呈哑铃型的极端:避用和强用。鉴于经验法则在认定事实和适用法律上的独特价值,我们认为极端型适用模式并不可取,构建并完善该制度及其配套机制以充分发挥其功效才是司法者应有的态度,本文以司法实践中部分典型民商事案件为视角,缕析了经验法则的适用现状、困境,解构了经验法则的属性、局限,建构了合理适用经验法则所应遵循的基本原则和保障程序。     

我国自然遗产保护立法的困境与出路

随着时代的发展,自然遗产保护的国内立法呈现出许多问题,集中地表现在自然遗产界定标准的扩大化、管理体制的选择、中央与地方立法权的冲突、立法模式困境,以及法律责任的弱化。《中华人民共和国自然遗产保护法（征求意见稿）》的审议正在进行中,借鉴他国立法经验,克服现有国内立法的不足,具有重要的意义和价值。