试论中国古代市场管理立法

自古以来统治者视"刑德"为治国之"二柄",但随着生产力的不断发展、经济繁荣,为此统治者们都会制订相应的法律制度来加以规范。这样,中国古代市场管理立法便随之而生,并且随着生产的进步,经济的繁荣发展而不断发展完善。在中国历史上,市场管理立法更能反映出当时经济发展状况,在一定程度上还代表着政治乃至文化的发展状况。古代市场管理立法也可以说是封建社会的统治者对封建时期商品经济的市场化的管理,它极力维护统治者的利益,为封建统治的中央集权提供制度保障。     

建立我国政策性农业保险制度

农业是国民经济的基础性产业,它的发展优劣直接制约着国民经济的发展.农业保险作为一项风险转嫁、损失分摊的经济补偿制度,对保证农业生产的持续稳定发展有着十分重要的意义.而当前,我国的农业保险问题却越来越突出,如没有专门的法律规定、没有国家的补贴政策、没有经营主体愿意承保等.基于这种现状,我国必须建立符合国情的包括国家财政补贴制度、再保险制度、巨灾风险基金制度、税收减免制度等在内的政策性农业保险制度,以保证国民经济的顺利发展.     

Assessing Revenue Authority Performance in Developing Countries: A Synthetic Control Approach

In many developing countries, comprehensive reforms have been undertaken in tax administration during recent years and the implementation of semiautonomous revenue authorities (SARAs) constitutes one of their most visible expressions. To date, no comprehensive assessment has been undertaken to investigate how successful these SARAs have been in improving revenue collection in these countries. Therefore, this article attempts to fill this gap by assessing revenue collection trends in 20 developing countries after the SARA has been implemented. Using the synthetic control method, we show that in most countries, the implementation of a SARA did not significantly improve government revenues.     

Do Nasty and Pleasant Surprises Regarding Tax Revenue Explain Spending Drifts? The Case of the Swiss Cantons

This article aims to explain the difference between the expenditure reported in governmental end-of-the-year budgets and the amounts previously forecasted in the approved beginning-of-the-year budgets. We measure how political, financial, and institutional variables affect this spending drift. We focus on two much-debated factors, namely, tax revenue budgeting errors and the stringency of fiscal rules. Our econometric approach uses a panel based on the 26 Swiss cantons covering the period of 1980 to 2011. Results suggest that stringent fiscal rules discourage budget overruns, whereas underestimating tax revenue—i.e., a budgetary “pleasant surprise”—offers the opportunity for some overspending.     

Economy

正China Issues Rules to Control Local Debt Risks China’s State Council in early October released rules to strengthen the supervision and management of local government debt,the fi rst such directive ever introduced by the Chinese cabinet.According to the State Council document,local governments will be conferred the right of debt fi nancing within a quota.A standard debt fi nancing mechanism for local     

政府间财政关系的国际比较和借鉴

建立合理的政府间财政关系是分税制改革的目标。始于1994年的中国分税制改革仍存在诸多问题。在市场经济下,从事权、财权及转移支付角度重新审视我国财政管理体制,并借鉴国际成功经验,是构建新型的政府间财政关系的一条捷径。     

论税收法定原则的宪法缺失

税收法定作为税法的最高原则己为世界上大多数国家明确写入宪法。然而,我国宪法由于种种原因未将其完全确立,成为宪法上的一大缺失。本文通过对这一缺失的表现、成因等分析,进一步提出完善建议。     

论税收筹划的策略

税收筹划是企业为了实现收益最大化,对涉及税收的经济事项进行预先安排,在税法允许的范围内规避部分纳税义务,尽可能节约税款,获得最大的税收利益。企业税收筹划可从企业组建、投资决策、筹资方式、购置设备、生产经营等方面谋求税收筹划的策略,为投资者提供决策参考。     

免除农业税与废除《农业税条例》——保持国家政策与法律的统一性

根据温家宝总理2005年3月5日在《政府工作报告》中的承诺,2006年起我国全部免除农业税。我国《农业税条例》制定于1958年,虽然其在实施中存在许多问题,但从未修改过,已与我国农业社会经济基础严重脱节,并与现行的整个税收体制发生了矛盾。因此,建议废除《农业税条例》,以保持国家政策与法律的统一性,同时为我国整个税收体制的发展扫清道路。