政治问题理论的衰落与重构

政治问题作为可推翻的"自然推定",属于可诉性理论的阻却事由要件。其理论发轫于联邦党人对宪法"特定条款"的阐述。为了应对将政治问题理论区分为经典形式与审慎形式所带来的司法操作性难题,布伦南大法官通过描述政治问题的六个特征,构建了政治问题的确认标准。然而,法院在适用政治问题确认标准的过程中所形成的政治问题理论的循环悖论,以及学界对政治问题理论存在合理性的质疑使得其经典形式出现变异、审慎形式日渐消亡。在激励相容理论基础上重构政治问题理论,可以尝试化解学界对政治问题免于司法审查理论基础的种种非议。     

中国特色社会主义理论体系实践特色研究述评

实践性是中国特色社会主义理论体系鲜明的理论特色。对中国特色社会主义理论体系实践特色的研究,理论界主要从其形成、内涵及表现、实践基础、实践观和实践意义等方面进行了探讨并取得了丰硕成果。在此基础上,还要正视存在的问题和不足,以深化和拓展中国特色社会主义理论体系实践特色的研究。     

Peer‐Reviewed Forensic Consultation in Practice: Multidisciplinary Oversight in Common Expertise

The fallibility of forensic science consultation is an ongoing and major justice concern. Prospective peer‐reviewed forensic consultation has over 10 years of application in American criminal and civil courts, adapting from the traditional oversight of teaching hospitals, rules of evidence and discovery, conventions of testimony of expert witnesses, and attorneys' overall trial strategy. In systematizing heightened oversight, this process ensures greater accountability in forensic science consultation. The integration of peer reviewers' complementary expertise and experience enhances the sophistication and overall quality of assessment. Forensic examination frequently involves the interface of different specialties. Multidisciplinary peer review augments expert proficiency with that of professional peers having different vantage points from relevant scientific disciplines. This approach ensures greater sophistication of a case inquiry, built‐in accountability, and streamlined processes when multiple experts are necessitated. Here, the authors present examples of several cases and the primary and secondary benefits of this collaborative, rigorous, cross‐disciplinary exercise.     

The Presumption of Proportionality

This article challenges the assumption that the burden of demonstrating that a limitation of a fundamental right is proportionate rests on the public authority seeking to justify the limitation. After considering the operation of burdens and presumptions in European human rights case‐law it notes the difficulties British domestic courts have had in rigorously applying proportionality tests. It suggests that the concerns which lead judges to weaken the requirement of proportionality would be better met by recognising that certain circumstances give rise to a presumption of proportionality, where the burden of demonstrating disproportionality rests on the right‐holder. Five categories of case in which this applies are proposed, and one which has recently been judicially accepted is rejected. Clarifying the types of case in which a presumption of proportionality applies is a preferable strategy to blurring the standards of justification to be met by those seeking to limit the enjoyment of rights.¹     

COMT基因与精神分裂症患者暴力攻击行为关联性的研究进展

精神分裂症患者的暴力攻击行为发生率高于一般人群,暴力攻击行为在某些方面具有显著的遗传倾向性,与精神分裂症患者暴力攻击行为研究最多的是儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶（catechol-O-methyltrans-ferase , COMT ）基因。本文从COMT Val158Met 和COMT Ala72Ser 的SNP 多态性、COMT 基因单倍型、COMT基因启动子区DNA甲基化等方面对COMT基因变异与精神分裂症患者暴力攻击行为的相关性研究进行综述,并提出精神分裂症患者暴力攻击行为的遗传学研究方向。     

多巴胺受体基因遗传多态性与精神分裂症的关联及法医学意义

精神分裂症是一种常见的多因子参与的复杂疾病,司法精神病学鉴定中对精神分裂症的涉及甚多,但无有效的生物学鉴定指标。研究表明,多巴胺神经递质功能紊乱可能在精神分裂症的发生及其主要症状中发挥重要作用。本文综述了多巴胺受体的分类、基因结构以及近年来关于多巴胺受体基因遗传多态性与精神分裂症的关联研究及其法医学意义。     

论身份混同背景下我国外资并购中国家安全审查程序的完善

我国现有的外资并购中的国家安全审查程序主要是站在资本输入大国的立场设计的,没有考虑到我国既是"引进来战略"下的资本输入大国,又是"走出去战略"下的资本输出大国的混同身份。已有的审查程序在启动审查、申报前磋商、重新启动审查等方面不完善,减缓协议、申报撤回、监督机制、权利救济机制等制度缺失。借鉴国外成熟的经验,考虑身份混同对审查程序的新要求,我国应完善关于启动审查、申报前磋商、重新启动审查的规定,增加减缓协议制度、申报撤回制度、监督机制、权利救济机制。     

Forensic Facial Reconstruction: A Systematic Review of Nasal Prediction Techniques

Prediction facial features from the skull are recurring theme on the forensic literature. The nose has been investigated since it has a significant role in facial recognition and the literature shows that there is not an universal method for nasal prediction. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review to analyze what are the most consistent techniques of nasal reconstruction. Primary studies describing or validating nasal reconstruction techniques in adults and published in journals of Forensic Sciences were included in this review. Tedeschi‐Oliveira's method positioned nasal tip with acceptable accuracy as Gerasimov's method. The Krogman's and Iscan's technique underestimated nasal projection in North Americans. The Prokopec's and Ubelaker's method obtained accuracy in Caucasoid. George's method presented results similar to reference standard in Caucasoid. In a supplementary way, studies are needed to accurately estimate the nasal width.     

线粒体缺氧性损伤及其法医学意义

线粒体是真核细胞中特殊的细胞器,主要功能是进行氧化磷酸化合成细胞活动所需的能量,机体所摄入的氧气绝大部分都在线粒体中被消耗。机械性窒息的精准诊断是法医病理学实践中的难点之一,法医病理学工作者一直致力于寻找一种可靠、敏感的标志物用于机械性窒息的确诊。线粒体对于缺氧环境极为敏感,其损伤标志物或可作为诊断机械性窒息的依据。本文旨在综述缺氧环境下线粒体损伤的研究进展,并探索将线粒体损伤标志物用于法医病理学实践的可能性。     

公安高等院校办学模式的研究与启示

公安高等院校办学模式是理论化的办学行为范式。本文从公安院校办学模式的内涵和外延入手，构建了以办学特色为核心的公安院校办学模式辐射结构，并依据该结构分析近年来相关研究的主要成果特征，比较国内外研究的差异，得出公安院校办学模式应强化政治影响力、完善办学质量评价体系、加强国内外交流与合作、加强办学理论研究、研发公安院校普适办学模式等启示，以期为提高公安高等院校办学水平提供借鉴，推动其创新发展。