人质谈判中的风险评估和方案设计

人质谈判中的风险评估就是指当警方赶到人质劫持现场后,在展开谈判工作和设计谈判方案前,指挥者对此次劫持事件做一个基本的风险评估。只有在判明危机事件情况的基础上,指挥员才能对案件的发展情况做到心中有数,从而把握人质危机处置进程的主动权,使谈判取得成效。结合我国目前人质事件类型,进行人质谈判中的风险评估,以确定谈判时所采取的应对策略,从而设计科学、动态的谈判方案,切实有效地提高谈判的效果。     

Groups Work for Women: Gender and Group Identity in Social Dilemmas

Behavior in social-dilemma (mixed-motive) situations has been of great interest to economists, psychologists, and negotiation scholars. In this study, we used a threshold social-dilemma game to examine factors that have not yet been investigated and that may have an impact on behavior in these settings: gender and group identity. We found that, for women, interacting with members of a naturally occurring group increased coordination and efficiency, while for men, interacting with members of a naturally occurring group decreased coordination and efficiency. Psychological literature on gender differences and group interdependence explains these differences. We conclude by discussing the implications of these results for gender differences in negotiation behavior.     

SEX EDUCATION LEFT AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE SCHOOL DOOR: STRICTER REQUIREMENTS FOR PARENTAL OPT‐OUT PROVISIONS

Current state law creates the risk that, if sex education is not provided to a child in public school, no similar instruction will be given to the child. Legislatively enacted opt‐out provisions give parents broad control over their child's education by granting them the option to have their child excused from any sex education requirements within a public school's curriculum. Through public school sex education, professionals provide youth information aimed at protecting them from the dangers of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). A stricter statutory opt‐out provision should be enacted by state legislatures that only allows parents to excuse their child from sex education after a parent attends a 90‐minute STD prevention course and receives the instructional material used in the school's sex education curriculum. Parents should be provided up‐to‐date information and a structural framework designed by the school to encourage them to discuss with their child the many sexual issues addressed within a school's sex education curriculum.     

Performance of the supervised learning algorithms in sex estimation of the proximal femur: A comparative study in contemporary Egyptian and Turkish samples

Sex estimation standards are population specific however, we argue that machine learning techniques (ML) may enhance the biological sex determination on trans-population application. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) versus nine ML including quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), support vector machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Gaussian process (GPC), Naïve Bayesian (NBC), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RFM) and Adaptive boosting (Adaboost) were compared. The experiments involve two contemporary populations: Turkish (n = 300) and Egyptian populations (n = 100) for training and validation, respectively. Base models were calibrated using isotonic and sigmoid calibration schemes. Results were analyzed at posterior probabilities (pp) thresholds >0.95 and >0.80. At pp = 0.5, ML algorithms yielded comparable accuracies in the training (90% to 97%) and test sets (81% to 88%) which are not modified after employing the calibration techniques. At pp >0.95, the raw RFM, LDA, QDA, and SVM models have shown the best performance however, calibration techniques improved the performance of various classifier especially NBC and Adaboost. By contrast, the performance of GPC, KNN, QDA models worsened by calibration. RFM has shown the best performance among all models at both thresholds whereas LDA benefited the best from using both calibration methods at pp >0.80. Complex ML models are not necessarily achieving better performance metrics. LDA and QDA remain the fastest and simplest classifiers. We demonstrated the capability of enhancing sex estimation using ML on an independent population sample however, differences in the underlying probability distribution generated by models were detected which warranted more cautious application by forensic practitioners.     

有关传播法规与政策的社会性别分析

本文检视了中国现行的传播法律、法规、行政规章和其它行政规范性文件,简要介绍了其中涉及女性权益的法条和规定,指出存在的问题,并就如何改进和完善保障女性权益的传播法制环境提出了对策性的建议。     

现实社会中性别意识的盲点

用性别意识的眼光审视我们的现实社会 ,会发现无论是在社会参与上、大众传媒中 ,还是广大公众中都不同程度地存在着性别意识的盲点或误区。这些盲点或误区已严重影响女性发展 ,阻碍社会进步 ,因此我们不能等闲视之。     

对城市失业下岗女性、女大学生和女性知识分子自我创业的比较分析

本研究选择了三类典型的女性群体,包括女性知识分子、女大学生和失业下岗女性,对其创业意愿、创业条件、创业能力、创业方向、创业预期等进行比较分析。研究针对女性创业的共性问题和困难提出构建女性创业支持体系的基本思路,并提出应针对不同类型女性创业提供阶梯性保障和针对性扶助对策。     

对古代皇宫贵族女性文化教育的考察

中国古代皇宫贵族的文化教育自先秦时代至清末一直断断续续地存在并开展着,且有其相应的规章与体系。在当时的社会历史环境下,通过这一教育,虽然在皇宫和贵妇中培养了一些女性人才,但由于这一教育只是对极少数女性的教育,也是一种特权式的教育,故而对古代女性整体文化水平的提高几乎没有起到任何的作用。     

论心理学在反劫制暴行动中的重要作用

劫持人质是一种严重的犯罪活动，它直接涉及人民的生命安全、社会安定等重大问题。反劫持谈判是防止劫持事态扩大、快速平稳局面的重要方法之一，也是目前世界各国政府与警方高度关注的课题之一。能获得反劫制暴战术谈判成功的关键取决于临场谈判人员对行为人的心理进行快速、准确的分析，现场情绪的控制及谈判技巧。因此，认识心理学在反劫制暴战术谈判中的重要性，提高和丰富当前警察队伍的心理学专业知识，改善其谈判手段，已迫在眉睫。     

To Flirt or Not to Flirt? Sexual Power at the Bargaining Table

We begin by exploring the lay belief that women can use flirtation to their advantage in professional contexts and contrast it with trained negotiators' negative views on flirtation. We then examine the impact of flirtation on negotiators' impression formation. We explore whether a flirtatious style aids women in the trade-off they often face between perceived likability and perceived competence. We discover both an upside and a downside to flirting at the bargaining table. Although flirtation appears to be positively related to women's likability, negotiators who flirted were judged to be less authentic than those who refrained from exercising their sexual power.