土地承包经营权的功能转型及权能实现——基于农村社会管理创新的视角

中国现行土地承包经营权制度存在的突出问题是制度功能超载和法律权能缺失并存。相关法律和政策为了同时满足国家、社会、集体和个人等不同利益主体的多样性诉求,赋予了土地承包经营权以政治性、社会性和经济性等涵盖面极为广泛的多种制度功能。不同制度功能所追求的价值目标各异,导致相互之间的结构性冲突难以避免,由此不仅进一步加剧了农村内部的结构性紧张局面,也使得功能超载成为土地承包经营权制度不能承受之重。另一方面,土地承包经营权在实体法、程序法和特别法意义上的具体法律权能缺位严重,对权利主体的保护效能明显不足,反过来又大大制约了其制度功能的有效发挥。变革的目标就是要在纯化土地承包经营权制度功能的同时,最大限度地实现其作为独立物权的各项法律权能,将土地承包经营权真正打造成具有确定法律含义和健全权能体系的民事权利。这种功能转型和权能实现不仅是还原土地承包经营权之独立物权属性的客观基础,也是农村社会管理创新的应有之义。     

公司社会责任及其体系化设计的法学思考——以我国公司法的完善为视角

公司社会责任不能等同于企业社会责任。从法律层面或法学学科方面研究公司社会责任应立足于法律化的公司社会责任。法律化的公司社会责任可划分为广义的公司社会责任和狭义的公司社会责任、公司基本的社会责任和上市公司的社会责任。法律化的公司社会责任应在公司法上实现体系化．即公司法总则设置针对所有公司的社会责任条款,公司法分则设置专门针对上市公司社会责任的条款。     

法律价值再检讨:以自由为视角

通过概念金字塔对法律价值的问题史进行梳理是研究法律价值的传统进路。然而,法律是一种实践性的存在,对法律价值的认识应跳出"主体-客体"的研究范式。对法律价值的检讨可以基于自由要素展开。首先,从个体自由出发检讨个人主义在法律价值问题上从身份到契约的转变过程。其次,追问社会契约论视角下国家共同体建构问题是证明个人自由的实效性,以及检验共同体正当性的可行路径。而法律价值如何涵摄人权价值是探讨个体自由不可或缺的一环。     

Digital humanities and the history of working women: a cascade

In this introduction to the special issue on ‘Women's work in changing labour markets’, we argue that a combination of digital advances, notably the digitization of individual- and contextual-level data, the creation of internationally comparable occupation-based classifications, and the development of statistical models allowing for contextually informed analysis, has brought us to the brink of new developments in the field of women's work. Census and vital registration data contain more information on occupations of women than previously thought, and when used in combination with other digitized sources they allow one to assess the possible under-registration of women's work, as illustrated by some of the contributions to this special issue. Other contributions show how standardizing occupation-based classifications allows for temporal and regional comparisons of women's work and makes it feasible to study how community or regional characteristics influence that work. None of these developments – large-scale digitization of individual-level data, standardization of occupational titles and measures of stratification, and contextually informed analyses – is completely new; in some cases they are actually rooted in a venerable research tradition. However, in combination they might well constitute a cascade in the history of working women.     

The inverse relation between psychopathy and faking good: not response bias,but true variance in psychopathic personality

The possibility to assess psychopathy through self-report is debated, amongst others, because psychopathic individuals may deliberately underreport psychopathic features (fake good). Meta-analytic research has shown an inverse relation between faking good and self-reported psychopathy, possibly indicating that faking good lowered psychopathy scores (response bias). Low faking good scores, could, however, also reflect true variance in psychopathic personality to the extent that it reflects a disregard of social conventions. Through a secondary analysis (n = 675), we show that controlling for faking good significantly weakens, rather than strengthens, the associations between psychopathy scores and antisocial behavior (alcohol and drug abuse, indirect aggression, and delinquency). These findings indicate that the inverse relation between faking good and self-reported psychopathy reflects true variance in psychopathy personality (i.e. low social desirability), not a response bias.     

非法证据排除制度的理性反思

新《刑事诉讼法》确立了非法证据排除的基本制度具有进步意义,但是,从立法的层面看,由于立法的粗疏,对于非法证据的概念不详,范围不清,必然会造成法律适用的不统一;非法证据排除主体的多元化,看似严密了法网的同时也存在不少弊端;非法证据排除制度设计缺乏必要的救济程序,又会使权利享有者陷入维权的尴尬;侦查人员出庭作证只具有形式上的价值,对于非法取证的证明无实质意义.从法社会学角度看公检法三机关相互配合、相互制约、流水线式的诉讼模式,重实体轻程序观念的根深蒂固,维稳压倒一切的公共政策等挤压了该制度的生存空间.     

UNPACKING THE BLACK BOX OF PEER SIMILARITY IN DEVIANCE: UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISMS LINKING PERSONAL BEHAVIOR,PEER BEHAVIOR,AND PERCEPTIONS

The strong correlation between measures of personal and peer deviance occurs with near “law‐like” regularity. Yet, as with other manifestations of peer similarity (often referred to as homophily), the mechanisms generating this relationship are widely debated. Specific to the deviance literature, most studies have failed to examine, simultaneously, the degree to which similarity is the consequence of multiple causes. The current study addresses this gap by using longitudinal network data for 1,151 individuals from the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR) School Project. Structural equation modeling is used to address these issues by adapting Jussim and Osgood's ( 1989 ) model of deviant attitudes in dyadic pairs to the current data. Across two separate behavioral domains (substance use and property offending), the results provide strong support for the prediction that individuals project their own deviant tendencies inaccurately onto their peers. Conversely, the results provide little or no support for the predictions that respondents accurately perceive their peers’ deviance or that their perceptions of peer deviance influence their own behavior. Implications for understanding the role of peer behavior in the etiology of adolescent deviance are discussed.     

SOCIAL CONCERN AND CRIME: MOVING BEYOND THE ASSUMPTION OF SIMPLE SELF‐INTEREST

Most leading crime theories and crime‐control policies are based on the assumption that people are self‐interested. But recent work in a variety of fields has challenged this assumption, suggesting that people are both self‐interested and socially concerned. Social concern involves biologically based inclinations that sometimes lead people to give more consideration to others than to their own interests. These inclinations include caring about others, forming close ties to and cooperating with others, following certain moral intuitions, and conforming. This article describes the nature of and evidence for social concern, as well as the ways in which social factors shape social concern. The article then presents a theory of social concern and crime. Social concern has direct, indirect, mediating, and conditioning effects on crime. Although social concern generally reduces the likelihood of crime, it has little effect on or increases crime under certain conditions.     

REVISITING “WHAT THEY THINK”: ADOLESCENT DRINKING AND THE IMPORTANCE OF PEER BELIEFS

The association between delinquent peers and delinquent behavior is among the most consistent findings in the criminological literature, and several recent studies have raised the standards for determining the nature and extent of peer influence. Despite these advances, however, key questions about how deviant behavior is socially transmitted remain unresolved. In particular, much of the research examining peer influence has been limited to peer behavior, despite a rich literature supporting the salience of beliefs, such as expectations and moral approval, in shaping behaviors. In the current study, I model the peer influence and selection processes with longitudinal social network analysis to reexamine the contributions of peer beliefs and behaviors to adolescent drinking. I find evidence that beliefs related to peer drinking have both a direct and an indirect impact on behavior and play an important role in the friendship selection process. These results highlight the importance of understanding how peers influence deviant behavior and suggest that peer beliefs are an important part of this relationship.