Distribution profile of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB) in rats after oral and subcutaneous doses

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB) is one of the potent hallucinogenic phenylalkylamines, whose ingestion has already caused several deaths reported all over the world. However, there is unsufficient information on DOB properties based on controlled pharmacokinetic studies available. The aim of this study was to clarify the distribution profile of DOB and its phenolic metabolite 2-methoxy-5-hydroxy-4-bromoamphetamine (2M5H4BA) in blood and biological tissues of experimental rats. The rats were administered a 20 mg/kg dose of DOB·HCl by oral ingestion or subcutaneous injection. Plasma and brain, liver and lung tissues were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 h after dosing (three animals per time point). The samples were prepared by a liquid–liquid extraction procedure and the extracts were assayed by GC–MS. After per oral application, DOB peak plasma level of 320 ng/mL was reached after one-hour post dosing as well as 2M5H4BA peak concentration of 203 ng/mL. A rapid phase of DOB absorption, 2M5H4BA formation and their tissue distribution during the first two hours after application were followed by a slow decrease rate of the elimination process until 32 h. After subcutaneous application, high plasma levels of the unchanged parent drug and relatively reduced formation of its metabolite 2M5H4BA were observed. DOB maximum plasma concentration of 1143 ng/mL was reached after one-hour post application, whereas its metabolite peak level after 8 h was 213 ng/mL. The concentration profiles of both compounds in plasma after per oral and subcutaneous administration revealed the existence of significant first pass effect after per oral administration that significantly affected DOB bioavailability. DOB tissue concentrations exceeded plasma and the highest values were found in the lungs, where drug accumulation occurred with prolonged retention till 32 h after subcutaneous dose. Although the plasma/tissue transfer was more effective for the lipophilic parent drug than for its hydroxylated metabolite 2M5H4BA, the metabolite tissue levels were significant. The hallucinogenic potential of 2M5H4BA appearing in brain remains unclear as nothing is known about its pharmacological activity at present.     

构建法治和谐社会与公安行政执法

构建和谐社会与公安依法行政有着一致的终极目的。公安行政执法为和谐社会的构建提供重要保障,和谐社会的构建赋予公安公正执法重要机遇。加强法治素养、谦抑警权,合理配置公安司法行政权力;提升警民关系;应改进公安执法的意见和措施,特别是要着力强化亲民、公正、法治等三个意识,在执法全过程中体现法治与和谐的要素,从而促进和谐社会的建设。     

完善民族地方自治立法 促进民族地区和谐社会建设

民族区域自治制度是我国处理民族问题的基本政治制度。作为民族区域自治制度有效保障的民族自治地方立法还不尽完善,制约着和谐社会的建设步伐。完善民族自治地方立法,需要切实转变观念,提高立法效率,重视立法技术,充实有关内容,加强民族经济立法,重视对少数民族习惯法的研究和借鉴。健全和完善民族自治地方立法,有利于坚持和完善民族区域自治制度,促进和谐的民族大家庭建设,加快少数民族和民族地区经济社会全面协调和可持续发展,实现各民族共同繁荣。     

《大戴礼记》诂正

<大戴礼记>因不为两汉经师所传注,以致篇章残落,亡佚过半,今本多有残缺的内容.自北周卢辩作注以来,至清代校释者甚多,然疑义未能尽明,今选取部分条目加以辨正,以资探讨.     

宽严相济刑事政策与和谐社会

宽严相济刑事政策是我国刑事政策的新发展,同时也是对实行20多年的"严打"政策的反思和纠正.宽严相济刑事政策与和谐社都"以人为本",因而内在地联系在一起.构建和谐社会需要实行宽严相济刑事政策,因为它能满足和谐社会化解社会矛盾的需要、节约社会资源和刑事司法资源的需要;宽严相济刑事政策能促进和谐社会构建,因为它能有效地维护社会稳定,促进社会和谐,协调社会利益.所以,在构建和谐社会过程中,必须采取有效措施认真贯彻宽严相济刑事政策.     

城市道路交通拥堵的原因及其治理对策

目前,道路交通拥堵现象是城市的多发病症。其产生的主要原因在于道路交通规划、建设中存在较大的不合理因素,缺乏先进的交通管理理念,交通组织和管理人才缺乏,交通组织不合理,交通设施配置不科学,公民交通参与意识不强。为此,必须科学规划城市道路建设,统筹治理,加大交通管理学科体系研究,理顺行业办学机制,把好交警入口关和现有交警培训关,运用先进的交通管理理念进行管理,完善交通设施,从细微问题入手找出疾症,加强道路交通管理宣传教育,培养公民主动参与意识。只有这样,才能较好地治理城市道路交通拥堵这个顽疾,保证城市道路的通畅。     

Case law of the EPO Boards of Appeal in 2006

Legal context: The article reviews significant decisions handed down by theBoards of Appeal of the European Patent Office (EPO) in 2006,concentrating on decisions of the Enlarged Board and the Boardsof Appeal issued in 2006 and published or to be published inthe OJ EPO. Key points: The article discusses the application of Art. 24 EPC on exclusionand objection to members of the boards of appeal in the lightof the following decisions: G 1/05, T 281/03 and J 15/04; referralspending before the EBA on the subject of divisional applications(Art. 76 EPC and R. 25 EPC) and exclusion from patentabilityunder R. 23d(c) in conjunction with Art. 53a EPC; and decisionsof technical boards of appeal on exclusions from patentability(Arts. 52 (2)(3) and (4) EPC), the requirement of industrialapplicability (Art. 57 EPC) and re-establishment of rights (Art.122 EPC). Practical significance: The article provides an overview of the 2006 case law of theboards of appeal which is particularly useful since most ofthe decisions discussed have not yet been published in the OJEPO. The author is critical of the recent case law on the applicationof Art. 24 EPC (exclusion and objection to members of the boardsof appeal) and reports on several decisions of particular legalinterest.     

新农村建设中的社会和谐问题研究(下)

新农村建设必须以科学发展观为指针,建立和完善政府的服务、管理和科学决策体制;以提升农民的生活质量为出发点,构建农村物质和精神文明体系;建立城乡之间的和谐共荣,消除制度上的不平等和贫富差距,从根本上实现城乡之间的心理和情感和谐;以教育为中心,加强人的建设,着重提升农民的文明程度,实现两个和谐。     

权利的张扬与追寻——2006年中国权利问题研究综述

2006年的中国权利研究,著述颇丰,学术研讨频率密集且范围广泛,呈现了多元化、立体化的趋势。人权研究生机勃勃,平等权是当下社会生活和权利研究中的一个关键词,农民、农民工等弱势群体的权利保护则是与平等权密切相关的热点问题。传统的权利研究继续深入,新兴权利的研究与日俱增,权利本位理论正在向现实论证扩展,有关权利的理论日益丰满。     

对刑事证人出庭作证理论基础的思考

刑事证人出庭作证制度是证据法研究的热点之一,国内在该问题技术上的研究多于理论上的探索,似乎在该问题的理论基础上已有广泛的认同,即对义务论的认同,然而义务论会带来诸如主体工具之说,自由功利之说的许多困惑,相反,权利论却有独特的优势,因此如果尝试从权利论的角度解读证人作证制度,或许会有所收获。