转型语境下刑事错案的发生与治理——以侦查环节为中心

现阶段要科学评估错案治理现状,须从更广阔的社会场域进行审视。在转型期中国,尽管侦查行为的规范化日益加强、侦查取证能力总体改善,但实践中一些运动化、行政化的错案治理方式依然存在,并是潜在的错案之源。这意味着在新刑诉法实施后,仍需在侦查程序的完善、侦查观念的转变、侦查能力的提升等方面下功夫,而不应偏重法外手段。     

取消基层人民法院的第一审行政案件管辖权刍议

根据我国现行法制状况,特别是行政诉讼状况,取消基层人民法院的第一审行政案件管辖权更符合公平正义,可以较好地避开地方行政干扰,促进司法发展,还原行政审判庭的设置在《人民法院组织法》上的合法性。     

公诉案件中被害人参与庭审的法律思考

我国《刑事诉讼法》将公诉案件中的被害人规定为当事人 ,这是我国民主与法制进步的表现。但是 ,由于相关立法不够完善和全面 ,致使司法实践中出现《刑事诉讼法》关于被害人参与庭审的相关法律规定并未得到贯彻执行的现象。为了切实保护被害人的诉讼权利 ,对公诉案件中被害人参与庭审的立法加以完善势在必行     

Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory Revisited

This article deals with the relation between a theory of law and a theory of legal reasoning. Starting from a close reading of Chapter VII of H. L. A. Hart's The Concept of Law, it claims that a theory of law like Hart's requires a particular theory of legal reasoning, or at least a theory of legal reasoning with some particular characteristics. It then goes on to say that any theory of legal reasoning that satisfies those requirements is highly implausible, and tries to show that this is the reason why not only Hart, but also writers like Neil MacCormick and Joseph Raz have failed to offer a theory of legal reasoning that is compatible with legal positivism as a theory of law. They have faced a choice between an explanation of legal reasoning that is incompatible with the core of legal positivism or else strangely sceptical, insofar as it severs the link between general rules and particular decisions that purport to apply them.     

同心圆理论

同心圆理论是系列性刑事案件三大侦查理论之一,源于城市结构模型理论,指的是以系列性案件的首发案为圆点、以信息源为依据、以到达系列性案件各子案发案地直线距离为半径,通过几何的方式勾画出犯罪人的活动半径,进而确定犯罪人的居住地和犯罪人的侦查方法。同心圆的原点是系列性案件的首发地,是信息源中元信息的集聚区,反映的是系列性案件中所有个案与首案之间的联系。圆半径的长短,反映了犯罪人对环境熟悉程度的变化,距离越短,其对环境的熟悉程度越高。同心圆理论解决了系列性案件侦查范围划分问题,有积极的实践意义。     

未成年人犯罪案件中社会调查报告的证据学分析

社会调查报告是在办理未成年人刑事案件中,通过走访家庭、学校、单位、居委会、派出所等有关部门,对未成年犯罪嫌疑人、被告人在作案以前的一贯表现、作案原因和家庭生活环境作一个全面的了解。它是对未成年犯罪人量刑时的重要参考依据;是对未成年犯罪人进行教育改造的重要参考依据;而且检察院或法院可以针对社会调查报告中反映出来的问题向有关部门发出检察建议或司法建议,从根本上预防和减少未成年人犯罪。     

Medical Legal Dispute in Hospitals of Different Grades: A Retrospective Study on 206 Cases

Objective To analyze the characteristics of medical malpractice from different grades of hos- pitals and to explore forensic investigation strategies in assessing medical dispute. Methods A total of 206 cases of medical dispute from 2009 to 2010 investigated by the Department of Forensic Medicine in Nanjing Medical University were selected and analyzed according to fault incidence, fault-prone part, and degree of causality in the treatment. Results Among the 206 cases analyzed, tertiary hospitals, sec- ondary hospitals and primary hospitals showed medium, high and low error rate, respectively. A majority of medical malpractice cases were distributed in the departments of surgery, medicine and gynecology. Conclusion The frequency and severity of medical malpractice in primary hospitals were high, which were gradually reduced in tertiary and secondary hospitals.     

检察权内部监督的调整与发展——以检察官办案责任制改革为背景

通过对检察权内部监督历史变迁的把握,可梳理出其发展演变实现了五个转向。从转向的过程来看,国家和社会是通过直接影响检察权的行使,来间接影响检察权内部监督的发展演变的。在检察官办案责任制改革背景下,如何在检察权内部监督的界限内,既保障检察权的独立行使,又能最大限度地监督检察权,便是检察权内部监督调整的现实需求。检察权内部监督的调整应遵循过程监督的谦抑性原则和结果监督的主动性原则。在其指引下,应对既有监督方式完善拓展和综合运用。     

Informing regional taphonomy research using retrospective forensic anthropology cases in the Western Cape,South Africa

The post-mortem interval (PMI) is important in death investigations as it can assist in reconstructing the context of the case and the identification of the unknown individual. However, in some instances the PMI is challenging to estimate due to the absence of regional taphonomy standards. To conduct accurate and locally relevant forensic taphonomy research, investigators require insight into the regional hotspot recovery areas. Thus, forensic cases examined by the Forensic Anthropology Cape Town (FACT) in the Western Cape (WC) province of South Africa between 2006 and 2018 (n = 172 cases; n = 174 individuals) were retrospectively reviewed. In our study, a considerable number of individuals did not have the PMI estimations (31 %; 54/174) and the ability to estimate a PMI was significantly associated with skeletal completeness, unburnt remains, absence of clothing and the absence of entomological evidence (p < 0.05 for each). Significantly fewer cases had the PMI estimated after FACT was formalised in 2014 (p < 0.0001). One third of cases with PMI estimations were made with large open-ended ranges, making them less informative. Factors significantly associated with these broad PMI ranges were fragmented remains, absence of clothing and absence of entomological evidence (p < 0.05 for each). Most decedents (51 %; 87/174) were discovered in police precincts from high crime areas, yet a considerable number (47 %; 81/174) were also found in low crime and sparsely populated areas regularly used for recreational activities. Common sites of body discovery were vegetated areas (23 %; 40/174), followed by the roadside (15 %; 29/174), aquatic environments (11 %; 20/174) and farms (11 %; 19/174). Decedents were discovered exposed (35 %; 62/174), covered with items such as bedding or shrubs (14 %; 25/174) or buried (10 %; 17/174). Our data highlight gaps in forensic taphonomy studies and clearly informs what regional research is needed. Overall, our study demonstrates how forensic case information can inform regional forensic taphonomy studies to locate common areas and contexts for the discovery of decomposed bodies and encourages similar studies in other areas of the world.