论清代命案初验之运作

本文以白描的手法勾勒了清代命案发生后,初次检验的运作情况。从中可以看出,清代的检验运作总体上是严谨的,由于官僚体制、诉讼模式等的不同,其呈现出与今日不同的面相。由于审验合一的特性,清代的检验在命案审理中之地位远较今日重要,检验是理解清代命案诉讼的一把锁匙。     

检察权的外部监督制约机制研究

检察权的外部监督制约机制主要包括外部权力监督和权利监督两个方面.检察权的外部权力监督在法律层面上完善国家权力机关(人大)对检察权的监督以及公安机关和人民法院对检察权的制约.在权利监督制约层面,则要增强犯罪嫌疑人、被告人、被害人、辩护人的防御性权利和完善救济性权利,建立和完善人民监督员的社会权利监督制度,形成对检察权有效监督制约.     

规范错案追究制,还原司法理性

错案追究制度是司法改革中为消除司法腐败,实现司法公正而推行的一项重要制度,但是,错案追究制度在运行中并没有产生预期的效果。本文从分析这种错案开始,研究错案追究制度在理论上和实践中存在的问题,主张错案责任追究应与法官司法责任制度相结合,确立法官司法责任的主客观标准和程序标准,从法理学的角度对错案追究制度进行理论反思,提出我国司法改革步伐仍然应当保持理性。     

谈运用痕检判断肇事逃逸车辆行驶方向的方法

随着我国经济的快速发展和机动车辆的剧增,道路交通肇事逃逸案件也呈递增趋势。文章针对一起道路交通肇事逃逸的伪造现场,利用现场的划痕、血迹与金属扣等物证关系、现场变动情况和非机动车被撞时的受力方向,对肇事逃逸车辆的行驶方向进行了判断,并从三个方向指出了侦破肇事逃逸车辆的基本方法,以供相关人员借鉴。     

民事诉讼程序之于破产案件适用

破产程序中存在着大量的纠纷,这既是法院行使审判权参与破产程序的基础,也是正确理解我国破产法关于适用民事诉讼法审理破产案件的规定的前提。基于破产案件的特殊性,对于性质不同的纠纷应当适用不同的审理模式:实体权利纠纷,原则上应适用通行的民事诉讼审理模式,而破产程序性争议以及围绕破产方案发生的争议,则应采用职权主义模式进行审理。只有这样才能在保证破产程序运行正当性的同时满足其迅捷性和公益性的需求。     

故意伤害案件中赔偿影响量刑的机制

赔偿作为一种酌定情节,对量刑有重要影响。通过对近3000份故意伤害案件刑事裁判文书的实证研究发现:赔偿对主刑量刑结果和缓刑适用均有重要影响;随着案件严重程度的增加,赔偿对量刑的影响相对下降,谅解对量刑的影响相对上升;赔偿时间对主刑量刑结果的影响不显著,但可显著提高非羁押性强制措施和缓刑的适用率;谅解时赔偿数额的确定机制兼具理性与非理性的双重因素。受法院功利主义量刑思维的影响,故意伤害案件中赔偿影响量刑机制的运行存在失范风险,如赔偿谅解后“量刑剪刀差”的出现、赔偿谅解中的“贫富差距”问题、谅解时赔偿数额的确定中非理性因素的放大等。为防范上述风险,可从实体法和程序法两个层面,完善故意伤害案件中赔偿影响量刑的机制。     

毒品犯罪案件中实物证据的特点和收集

实物证据是毒品犯罪案件中的一种重要证据形式,也是一种间接证据,收集难度比较大,但对于追查和打击毒品犯罪却能够发挥重要的作用。因此,办案人员不仅要了解毒品犯罪案件中实物证据的特点和种类,而且还要遵循一定的收集程序和规范,以便更有效地打击毒品犯罪。     

家事司法修复家庭关系的经验研究

家事审判改革强调修复家庭关系在家事案件处理中的重要性，但西南地区X法庭家事审判实践的经验研究表明，家事司法修复家庭关系的效度并不彰显。法官将家庭关系修复贯穿于审判的全过程后，依然很难修复夫妻一方离婚意愿强烈的婚姻关系，在面对代际关系冲突时也只能用法定权利义务关系去简化复杂的家庭关系。家事司法在修复家庭关系中能力有限，根本原因在于在当前社会条件下面临多重制约，包括开放社会带来的不稳定性、家庭成员之间的个体意识冲突、现代法律与家庭价值的冲突等。因此，家事审判改革应当在完善心理辅导、多元调解、单位联动等配套机制的同时，积极引导家庭成员树立有利于家庭关系和谐稳定的价值观念，建立能够有效稳定家庭关系的社会机制。     

Informing regional taphonomy research using retrospective forensic anthropology cases in the Western Cape,South Africa

The post-mortem interval (PMI) is important in death investigations as it can assist in reconstructing the context of the case and the identification of the unknown individual. However, in some instances the PMI is challenging to estimate due to the absence of regional taphonomy standards. To conduct accurate and locally relevant forensic taphonomy research, investigators require insight into the regional hotspot recovery areas. Thus, forensic cases examined by the Forensic Anthropology Cape Town (FACT) in the Western Cape (WC) province of South Africa between 2006 and 2018 (n = 172 cases; n = 174 individuals) were retrospectively reviewed. In our study, a considerable number of individuals did not have the PMI estimations (31 %; 54/174) and the ability to estimate a PMI was significantly associated with skeletal completeness, unburnt remains, absence of clothing and the absence of entomological evidence (p < 0.05 for each). Significantly fewer cases had the PMI estimated after FACT was formalised in 2014 (p < 0.0001). One third of cases with PMI estimations were made with large open-ended ranges, making them less informative. Factors significantly associated with these broad PMI ranges were fragmented remains, absence of clothing and absence of entomological evidence (p < 0.05 for each). Most decedents (51 %; 87/174) were discovered in police precincts from high crime areas, yet a considerable number (47 %; 81/174) were also found in low crime and sparsely populated areas regularly used for recreational activities. Common sites of body discovery were vegetated areas (23 %; 40/174), followed by the roadside (15 %; 29/174), aquatic environments (11 %; 20/174) and farms (11 %; 19/174). Decedents were discovered exposed (35 %; 62/174), covered with items such as bedding or shrubs (14 %; 25/174) or buried (10 %; 17/174). Our data highlight gaps in forensic taphonomy studies and clearly informs what regional research is needed. Overall, our study demonstrates how forensic case information can inform regional forensic taphonomy studies to locate common areas and contexts for the discovery of decomposed bodies and encourages similar studies in other areas of the world.