How General is Control Balance Theory? Evidence from Ukraine

This study tests control balance theory using interview data from a random sample of adults in a large city in Ukraine. This is the first empirical assessment of the theory to employ a random sample of adults in a nonwestern culture, and it is one of only two studies to incorporate Tittle’s theoretical revisions and measurement strategy for the control ratio. Although we found no evidence of a relationship between projected deviance and a dichotomous measure of control imbalance, respondents with a relatively large control imbalance were significantly more likely to project deviance than were other respondents. In addition, findings provide partial support for predicted contingent relationships involving constraint and self-control. We discuss possible ways in which the socio-cultural circumstances of Ukraine help to explain these findings.     

Getting Caught and Getting Hitched: An Assessment of the Relationship Between Police Intervention,Life Chances,and Romantic Unions

Little research has assessed the link between formal police intervention, financial hardship, and the formation and quality of romantic relationships. Using data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, we contribute to this literature by examining effects of police intervention at two time points on marriage stability and romantic relationship quality. We find that police intervention during adolescence is associated with increases in financial hardship during young adulthood, which, in turn, decreases the odds of entering into a stable marriage by age 31 and the extent to which those who have a romantic relationship feel their partner is supportive. Early police intervention also is indirectly associated with a reduction in partner satisfaction and an increase in partner violence via young adult arrest. We conclude that even minimally invasive contact with the criminal justice system during adolescence has long-lasting collateral consequences in the family arena.     

Misperceived Neighborhood Values and Informal Social Control

Social disorganization theory explains the effects of neighborhood structure and culture on crime and delinquency. Within this perspective, the role of neighborhood informal social control is argued to be an important protective factor against many social problems. While a growing body of research supports the importance of informal social control, we still have limited understanding of its development. Of the research that does exist in this area, most examines structural processes supporting informal social control, while cultural aspects of communities have only rarely been examined. We further develop this limited body of research by drawing on the prevention literature that focuses on social norms and their misperceptions. Specifically, this study examines the role of pluralistic ignorance regarding neighborhood values on the likelihood of informal social control. The results are discussed in relation to social norms theory and their relevance for crime‐prevention strategies.     

Measuring the Contextual Effects and Mitigating Factors of Labeling Theory

Despite the longevity of labeling theory, there remains a need for further empirical validation. We examine three ways that official intervention may lead to secondary (that which occurs following the fixation of a label) deviance: self-concept, pro-social expectations, and association with deviant peers. We examine a sample of labeled and non-labeled individuals, utilizing data from the Children at Risk study. Based on our analytical view of a three-year panel of 677 randomly selected juveniles, ordinary least squares regression shows that official intervention with the criminal justice system leads to an increased delinquent self-identity, decreased pro-social expectations, and an increased association with delinquent peers, which then lead to an increased likelihood of engaging in subsequent delinquency. While validating the theory, we suggest a revised model of labeling that better depicts the complicated association between formal labeling and subsequent delinquent behavior. We conclude with policy suggestions based on less formal interventions for offenders.     

The Pains of Imprisonment Revisited: The Impact of Strain on Inmate Recidivism

Recent research suggests that imprisonment may increase subsequent levels of offending, but it is not clear why this is the case. Drawing on general strain theory (GST), this study examines whether exposure to the strains associated with imprisonment affects recidivism. These strains include direct victimization, the perception of a threatening prison environment, and hostile relationships with correctional officers. Consistent with GST, data from a sample of 1,613 recently released inmates in Ohio suggest that certain types of these strains do increase the likelihood of recidivism. These results challenge specific deterrence theory and claims by public officials that painful prisons will reduce reoffending.     

防御性医疗的经济分析——兼评《侵权责任法》第63条

防御性医疗是医疗服务提供者基于"经济人"理论与预期效用理论的理性选择。风险厌恶与预期效用最大化是防御性医疗的经济学基础。医疗过失判断的不确定性及巨额的责任风险是防御性医疗的法律制度基础。信息的不对称性及供给与需求的非市场性是防御性医疗的市场基础。它是医疗过失诉讼制度在市场经济体制下不可剥离的副产品。纯粹的禁止性立法不足以制止防御性医疗。《侵权责任法》第63条很难收到预期的立法效果,建议对医疗过失诉讼制度的运用及医疗损害赔偿的额度进行合理限制。     

马克思主义阶层理论的历史演进

马克思和恩格斯是社会分层理论的重要奠基人,列宁在社会主义革命和建设实践基础上推动了马克思主义阶级和阶层理论的发展,毛泽东把马克思主义的阶级理论与中国革命和建设的实际相结合,对中国社会阶级结构及其变化进行了正确的分析。在建设中国特色社会主义事业的新时期,中国共产党结合当代中国阶层变化的客观实际发展了马克思主义阶层理论。     

论马克思世界交往理论研究的几点意义

马克思世界交往理论是认识、分析、研究、科学总结当代国际社会主义运动经验教训,建设中国特色的社会主义,全球化问题最为有力的理论工具。因此,重视并深入研究马克思世界交往理论无疑具有十分重要的现实意义。     

马克思主义中国化两大理论成果间的内在逻辑

中国共产党在完成和推进三件大事的历史进程中产生了马克思主义中国化的两大理论成果:毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系。胡锦涛总书记在庆祝中国共产党成立90周年大会上的讲话中对这两大理论成果间的逻辑关联给予了新的阐释:实践意义上的"完成和推进"和理论意义上的"继承和发展"。基于这种逻辑关联,中国特色社会主义的探索"始于毛,成于邓"、坚持和推进于中国共产党第三、四代中央领导集体。     

邓小平旅游经济思想与中国饭店业发展

饭店业作为改革开放以来最早与国际接轨的产业之一,在中国旅游业发展中尤具特色。邓小平关于旅游经济的思想在中国饭店业的发展中得到重要体现,邓小平发展饭店业的思想理论与可行的操作方法,引领中国饭店业走上“非常规”的发展道路,加速了中国饭店业国际化进程,实现着邓小平让一部分人先富起来,逐步实现共同富裕的战略构想。