论私录视听资料的证据能力

未经当事人同意而录制的视听材料有可能涉及被录制者的隐私.之所以规定不得采用法律所禁止的方法收集视听资料,是为了保护当事人的隐私权.传统理论认为侵犯被录制者隐私权的私录资料不具有合法性.但隐私与隐私权并不相同,对私录资料证据能力的认识须从解释论与立法论的角度分别考虑.从解释论角度,如果私录资料侵犯了他人的隐私权,那么该证据资料便会因不具备合法性而被排除在诉讼之外;如果只涉及隐私而未侵犯隐私权,便可具有证据能力.而在立法论,那些即使侵犯了隐私权的私录资料也同样具有证据能力,可以作为认定案件事实的根据,但这并不妨碍隐私权人在本案诉讼结束之后对侵权人另行提起诉讼保护自己的隐私权.     

Applications of Blue Light‐curing Acrylic Resin to Forensic Sample Preparation and Microtomy

This study discusses the results of an evaluation of a one‐part blue light‐curing acrylic resin for embedding trace evidence prior to the preparation of thin sections with a microtome. Through a comparison to several epoxy resins, the physical properties relevant to both trace evidence examination and analytical microscopy in general, including as viscosity, clarity, color, hardness, and cure speed, were explored. Finally, thin sections from paint samples embedded in this acrylic resin were evaluated to determine if, through smearing or impregnation, the resin contributed to the infrared spectra. The results of this study show that blue light‐curing acrylic resins provide the desired properties of an embedding medium, generate high‐quality thin sections, and can significantly simplify the preparation of paint chips, fibers and a multitude of other types of microscopic samples in the forensic trace evidence laboratory.     

Locard's Principle of Exchange,Dental Examination and Fragments of Skin

The transfer of materials between victim and perpetrator was first reported by Locard in the nineteenth century. While in recent years DNA testing has been very successful in matching biological material from crime scenes to perpetrators, the following cases demonstrate that other more time‐honored methods remain useful. Two cases of lethal assault are reported where the victims had bitten their assailants resulting in fragments of the perpetrators’ skin being wedged between their teeth which were discovered during post mortem oral examinations. As the fragments were able to be matched to injuries in the perpetrators, identification was established prior to confirmatory DNA testing. In case 1 a criminal conviction for manslaughter resulted, and in case 2 the identity of the assailant was confirmed. Examination of a properly exposed and illuminated oral cavity may provide useful evidence in assault cases. These cases represent an unusual dental variant of Locard's principle.     

The Influence of New Technologies on the Visual Attention of CSIs Performing a Crime Scene Investigation

Currently, a series of promising new tools are under development that will enable crime scene investigators (CSIs) to analyze traces in situ during the crime scene investigation or enable them to detect blood and provide information on the age of blood. An experiment is conducted with thirty CSIs investigating a violent robbery at a mock crime scene to study the influence of such technologies on the perception and interpretation of traces during the first phase of the investigation. Results show that in their search for traces, CSIs are not directed by the availability of technologies, which is a reassuring finding. Qualitative findings suggest that CSIs are generally more focused on analyzing perpetrator traces than on reconstructing the event. A focus on perpetrator traces might become a risk when other crime‐related traces are overlooked, and when analyzed traces are in fact not crime‐related and in consequence lead to the identification of innocent suspects.     

Practical Considerations in Trace Element Analysis of Bone by Portable X‐ray Fluorescence

Forensic anthropologists are more often turning to nondestructive methods to assist with skeletal analyses, specifically for trace elemental analyses. Portable XRF (pXRF) instruments are versatile and are able to be used in diverse settings or for specimens of a shape and size that cannot be accommodated by laboratory‐based instruments. Use of XRF requires knowledge of analysis parameters such as X‐ray penetration and exit depth. Analysis depth was determined by examining pure elements through known thicknesses of equine bone slices. Correlation between the element's X‐ray emission energy and the depth of reading was observed. Bone surfaces from a small unknown historic cemetery were analyzed before and after sanding of the periosteal surface to observe possible changes in XRF readings based on potential diagenesis. Results validate the pXRF device as a powerful and convenient instrument for nondestructive analysis, while highlighting limitations and considerations for the analysis of osseous materials.     

浅析加拿大IBIS系统及其分析原理

加拿大IBIS系统,对枪弹检材表面能进行二维的图像反映,此系统已在世界各国的法庭科学实验室广泛应用。最近,此系统尝试研制的三维图像反映系统已经完成,本文就此系统中关于弹壳底部图像获取与分析技术作以简介。     

对文件绝对形成时间的综合检验

在理论上,文件一定能反映出某种时闻信息,这为人们鉴定文件形成时间提供了可能性。文检工作者通常采用理化方法进行文件形成时间的检验,但该方法常受制于纸质、色料、保管条件等,因此在实践中并非每份文件都能够检验出形成时间。对于不具备理化检验条件的案件,应该分析文件时间特征,进行综合检验,以确定文件的绝对形成时间。     

利用PCR生物技术破解喀纳斯猜想

PCR技术是依赖于靶DNA序列侧翼上所结合的两个寡核苷酸引物经体外酶促合成特异DNA片段的方法。PCR循环包括DNA热变性、引物退火、链的延伸三个步骤。PCR技术是陈旧、污染、腐败、降解和微量物证检验的重要手段之一,在破解喀纳斯猜想中作出了权威解释。     

区分制共犯设立模式之前提

在采取正犯、共犯分离体系立法例国家的刑法理论中,正犯、共犯区分的理论一直是学者们争议的"核心"问题.在经历了早期的客观说与主观说之后,洛克辛教授所主张的犯罪事实支配论基本得到了学界的认同.不过,我国学界通说仍然是以形式客观说作为正犯、共犯区分的标准[1],如何使犯罪事实支配论与我国共犯立法相协调是需要认真研究的问题.     

根据印文特征分析印章的材质与制作方法

在文件检验实际鉴定工作中发现,印文特征的形成既与制作方法有关又与印章的材质有关。如果能够通过印文特征确定其检材印文与样本印文是两种不同方法刻制或使用不同材质的印章所盖印,就不难做出正确的鉴定结论。通过分析印文特征的成因,可以确定其所盖印文的印章材质及其制作方法,进而识别印文的真伪。