Maras Morphing: Revisiting Third Generation Gangs

Third generation street gangs are a crime and security problem in many global cities, internationally linked ethnic Diasporas, and cross-border regions where insecurity and criminal non-state actors reign. Widely known as third generation gangs (3 GEN Gangs), complex gangs operate with broad reach—often across borders—and can develop mercenary and at times political and potentially terrorist objectives. The typology of the three generations of gang evolution (based on the interaction of politicization, internationalization, and sophistication) is recounted, recent trends in transnational street and prison gangs are explored and future potentials are suggested.     

从任务型自治到民主合作型治理——基于上海市社区调研的分析

调查发现,国家政权为推动城市基层治理而设定的街政居治的治理格局并没有真正建立起来,相反却呈现出任务型自治的非健康状态。面对任务型自治遗留下来的一系列问题,如何通过强化理性、权利、责任、合作,以实现街居之间的和谐互动、共生双赢,是当前建构城市街居治理体制的现实问题。本文认为,民主合作型治理可以避免街居之间的合作惰性或合作匮乏的困境,是构建合理的街居治理体制的理性选择。     

关于流浪儿童教育的涵义、特征和本质的思考

随着“以人为本”社会发展观的提出,流浪儿童“教育与救助并重”的思想逐步得以确立,流浪儿童教育越来越受到党和政府以及社会各界的广泛重视,流浪儿童教育也成为一个新的研究领域。作者在文中结合多年民政教育经验和流浪儿童救助实践,对流浪儿童教育的涵义、意义、特征和本质等进行了初步的探讨。     

GENERAL STRAIN,STREET YOUTH AND CRIME: A TEST OF AGNEW'S REVISED THEORY*

Using a sample of homeless street youth, this research examines how specific forms of strain–emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, homelessness and being a victim of robbery, violence or theft, relative deprivation, monetary dissatisfaction and unemployment–lead to crime and drug use. It also explores how strain is conditioned by deviant peers, deviant attitudes, external attributions, self‐esteem and self‐efficacy. The results reveal that all ten types of strain examined can lead to criminal behavior either as main effects or when interacting with conditioning variables. The results are discussed in light of general strain theory and suggestions are offered for future research on this topic.     

关于北京市流浪儿童救助保护的行动研究

流浪儿童教育的目标应该是素质教育而不是文化课教育,未保中心的教育职能应该定位为受助儿童教育的组织者而不是实施者。对流浪儿童的教育要学校教育和机构内教育并重,对流浪儿童进行心理辅导和行为矫正是必要的,但需要将这些服务延伸到其家庭、社区和学校。要根据流浪儿童的特点灵活地开展工作,个案工作要避免急功近利,小组工作是完全必要和可行的,而心理评估的重点应该是长期滞留的儿童。     

WOMEN'S GENDER PERFORMANCES AND CULTURAL HETEROGENEITY IN THE ILLEGAL DRUG ECONOMY

Based on interviews with 32 female drug dealers in Norway, this study investigates different gender performances among women situated in the illegal hard drug economy—a context with strong gendered “rules of the game.” Using grounded theory methods, I have identified four predominant patterns in which women enact their gendered identities being part of the drug economy: performing emphasized femininity in the context of marginalization; performing street masculinity; employing a feminine business model; and last, flexible use of cultural repertoires. The findings suggest that different gender performances among dealers are rooted in variations in the cultural tool kits they have at their disposal. I find that the content of women's cultural tool kits varied with three sociodemographic factors: 1) age, 2) time of entrée to the drug economy, and 3) educational and employment history. Combined, these influenced the type of gender performances the dealers tended to use as well as their position in the drug market hierarchy. The research suggests that those dealers using cultural repertoires flexibly are the most successful as they skillfully employed the model best suited for the context they were in.     

Street Crime Victimization Among Homeless Adults: A Review of the Literature

This article reports the current state of scientific knowledge concerning specific forms of street crime victimization affecting homeless adults, ages 18 or over. This interdisciplinary systematic review examines 33 studies that provide some degree of insight into the nature of victimization occurring within the homeless milieu. Findings indicate that the homeless are subject to disproportionate rates of distinct categories of common crime, including assault, robbery, and theft. When viewed through the theoretical lens of lifestyle–exposure theory, the present study’s data demonstrates that certain homeless subpopulations endure increased risk of predatory crime. Implications for future research and public policy are discussed.     

伪满洲国的街村财政

伪满洲国成立初期,出于治安上的需要,日本侵略者在地方基层实行保甲制度,通过组织反动保卫团、实行连坐制度等,疯狂镇压东北人民的反抗,其所需经费以强征所谓的保甲费为支撑。1937年后,由于伪满洲国的主要任务向"国家建设"转变,对于基层地方,发布街制和村制,仿照日本基层的町村制度实行所谓的"地方自治",并制定了统一的街村财政税收制度。但是街村制度并没有脱离保甲制度的藩篱,也没有真正为中国东北基层地方带来自治的福音,不过是对中国东北基层进行侵略和掠夺的变形而已。     

Quantification of the amphetamine content in seized street samples by Raman spectroscopy

A Raman spectroscopy method for determining the drug content of street samples of amphetamine was developed by dissolving samples in an acidic solution containing an internal standard (sodium dihydrogen phosphate). The Raman spectra of the samples were measured with a CDD-Raman spectrometer. Two Raman quantification methods were used: (1) relative peak heights of characteristic signals of the amphetamine and the internal standard; and (2) multivariate calibration by partial least squares (PLS) based on second derivative of the spectra. For the determination of the peak height ratio, the spectra were baseline corrected and the peak height ratio (h(amphetamine at 994 cm(-1) )/h(internal standard at 880 cm(-1) )) was calculated. For the PLS analysis, the wave number interval of 1300-630 cm(-1) (348 data points) was chosen. No manual baseline correction was performed, but the spectra were differentiated twice to obtain their second derivatives, which were further analyzed. The Raman results were well in line with validated reference LC results when the Raman samples were analyzed within 2 h after dissolution. The present results clearly show that Raman spectroscopy is a good tool for rapid (acquisition time 1 min) and accurate quantitative analysis of street samples that contain illicit drugs and unknown adulterants and impurities.