Is There a Relationship Between Street Heroin Purity and Drug‐Related Emergencies and/or Drug‐Related Deaths? An Analysis from Vienna,Austria*

This study examines the quality of street heroin seized in Vienna in 1999 and whether there was a relationship between the purity of street heroin and the number of heroin-related emergencies as well as the number of heroin-related deaths. Street heroin confiscated by the Viennese police, run-sheets of drug-related emergencies, and postmortem reports of drug-related deaths in Vienna in 1999 were analyzed. A total of 415 retail samples with a total weight of 128.02 g contained a median percentage of 6.5% diacetylmorphine (range: 0.0-47.0%). All the samples contained a diluent, mainly lactose, as well as adulterants, such as caffeine and/or paracetamol. During the study period, 75 heroin-related deaths and 387 heroin-related emergencies were registered in Vienna. Time-series analysis revealed no statistically significant relationship between the rate of heroin-related incidents and the diacetylmorphine concentration of street heroin samples confiscated in Vienna in 1999. The widely held belief that the number of heroin-related deaths could be explained simply through fluctuations in the purity of street heroin could not be substantiated, even though the results of this study do not rule out an association between the purity of heroin and heroin-related deaths/emergencies.     

试析“倒扁运动”中的女性政治参与

在“倒扁”的红衫军中,有六成以上是女性参与者,向来被认为是偏向于政治冷漠的她们冒着被指控为“破坏秩序、扰乱社会稳定、暴民”等污名,长时间地参与这场街头运动,在台湾前所未有。本文分析了她们参与的原因、动机及参与中的感觉,分析了非暴力对女性参与政治运动的影响,并探讨了大量女性参与对这场运动形成“团结感、人情味、家庭感”等特点之间的关系,以及女性在参与公共政治生活、公民社会的建构方面与非暴力之间的关联。     

街面警务模式的探索与思考

推行街面警务模式是新形势下公安机关维护社会治安秩序的需要,是解决长期存在的警力不足问题的有效途径,也为公安机关维护社会稳定提供了新的思路和工作机制。本文从街面警务模式的内涵出发,结合北京市公安局西城分局的实践探索,探讨了推行街面警务模式的现实意义,为我国公安实战改革提供思路。     

Street Youth Crime: A Test of Control Balance Theory

Utilizing a sample of 400 homeless street youths, the paper explores the role control balance plays in the generation of crime. Using vignettes designed to represent violent crime, serious property crime, and minor property crime, the paper tests whether these youths sense of control over their poverty, shelter, hunger and other living conditions influences their participation in crime. Further, it examines how perceptions of risk and thrill, as well as deviant values, self‐control, deviant histories, and peer support impact on crime. Results indicate that both control deficits and control surpluses were related to assault and serious theft but not minor theft. Perceptions of thrill, deviant peers, deviant histories, and deviant values predicted violent and property crime, and perceptions of risk were related to the property offenses. Criminal peers also conditioned the impact of control surpluses and deficits on property offenses. Results are discussed in terms of future research and policy.     

Street Youths and the Proximate and Contingent Causes of Instrumental Crime: Untangling Anomie Theory

Utilizing a sample of 300 homeless street youths, the research examines the individual‐level sub‐model of Baumer’s interpretation of Merton’s anomie theory. The paper explores the role the interaction between monetary goals and weak commitment to legitimate means plays in the generation of instrumental crime and the manner in which this interaction is itself moderated by blocked opportunities, monetary dissatisfaction, social modeling, cultural support, and the perceived risk of punishment. The findings reveal that a weak commitment to legitimate means, but not monetary goals, has a lower order impact on the willingness to commit instrumental crime. These two variables, however, do not interact to predict intentions to offend. Instead the findings reveal that blocked opportunities and higher levels of monetary dissatisfaction moderate the relationship between the monetary goals and weak commitment to legitimate means interaction and the willingness to offend. Findings are discussed and suggestions for further research are offered.     

Developing regulatory standards for the concept of security in online dispute resolution systems

Online dispute resolution (ODR) has improved access to justice in the digital world. ODR users benefit from faster and cheaper dispute resolution mechanisms compared to traditional litigation and Alternative Dispute Resolution. There are few and quite varied regulatory systems for ODR.This research aims to develop a set of standards to measure the concept of security and to increase the consistency of security in ODR systems. An exploratory mixed method approach is used, involving a quantitative (survey) and mainly qualitative approach (face-to-face interviews) for gathering data. We identify three elements of information security, privacy, and authentication as standards for an appropriate ODR legal framework. Finally, these findings led to practical implications for policy makers and regulators.     

打击街头多发性侵财犯罪应强化证据意识

目前,在打击多发性侵财犯罪的工作中普遍存在证据收集意识不强的问题。对此,应根据不同种类的案件加强对证据的收集,强化现场勘查意识,加大调查访问力度,及时收集视听材料,以便准确有效地打击此类犯罪。     

关于流浪儿童的需求及其服务模式的评估报告——对北京市未成年人救助保护中心志愿服务的评估分析

评估表明,流浪儿童在救助中心的需求是多方面的,除了吃住等需求外,他们还有心理健康需求、受教育的需求、回归与发展的需求。专业社工志愿者的介入提升了救助中心的整体服务品质,流浪儿童的心理状况得到改善,不良行为与习惯明显减少。今后应进一步完善评估体系,加强评估工作的理论建设,推动未成年人救助保护工作的制度性创新。     

浅谈通过技防手段打击街头犯罪

近几年来,抢劫、抢夺、盗窃、诈骗等街头犯罪比较突出。遏止街头犯罪已成为公安机关面临的一项重大课题。在加大街面警力部署的同时,建立街头电视监控系统,是打击街头犯罪最为有效的途径。     

论战后台湾街头运动的演化及成因

作为众多个体因共同或相似的利益诉求而采取的体制外聚合抗争与集体施压,街头运动在战后台湾经岛内外经济与社会环境变迁,以及对立面意识博弈等因素的交互作用,大致经历了从“2·28”后的沉寂到1970年代初重新萌动并迅速勃兴,至世纪之交趋于成熟等三个阶段的渐进转型,突出反映为参与主体多元化、运动策划组织化、抗争对象分散化、诉求主题民生化和手段方式理性化等发展趋势。