Social Media Social Capital,Offline Social Capital,and Citizenship: Exploring Asymmetrical Social Capital Effects

In pursuit of a healthier and participatory democracy, scholars have long established the positive effects of social capital, values derived from resources embedded in social ties with others which characterize the structure of opportunity and action in communities. Today, social media afford members of digital communities the ability to relate in new ways. In these contexts, the question that arises is whether new forms of social capital associated with the use of social media are a mere extension of traditional social capital or if they are in fact a different construct with a unique and distinct palette of attributes and effects. This study introduces social media social capital as a new conceptual and empirical construct to complement face-to-face social capital. Based on a two-wave panel data set collected in the United States, this study tests whether social capital in social media and offline settings are indeed two distinct empirical constructs. Then, the article examines how these two modes of social capital may relate to different types of citizenship online and offline. Results show that social media social capital is empirically distinct from face-to-face social capital. In addition, the two constructs exhibit different patterns of effects over online and offline political participatory behaviors. Results are discussed in light of theoretical developments in the area of social capital and pro-democratic political engagement.     

Cyberterrorism and Cyber Attacks in the Public Sector: How Public Administration Copes with Digital Threats

Cybersecurity concerns among citizens and public administration officials are considered to be one of the major barriers to e-government implementation. While cyberterrorism is on the rise, the operational state of cybersecurity in the public sector appears as a black box and previous literature has scarcely examined how public authorities perceive and cope with cyber attacks. This study investigates public employees’ attitudes toward cybersecurity in the public sector, as well as the arrangements and measures in place to protect sensitive governmental data and securely manage it for privacy and regulatory compliance. Thus, it contributes to the e-government literature by presenting a comprehensive framework of cybersecurity in the public sector and by providing empirical evidence thereof. Furthermore, it gives an insight into the prevalent attitudes and cybersecurity infrastructure within the realm of public administration. Finally, the article derives research and managerial implications and provides suggestions for future research.     

Exploring the Deep Antecedent of Public Service Motivation

Contrarily to most studies of the antecedents of public service motivation (PSM) focusing on the proximal work environment or personal characteristics, we seek to explore plausibly important deep antecedents of PSM that lie in the formative years of a person’s upbringing. Using an online survey of public service professionals that asked detailed background questions, we find that three deep antecedents are associated with lower overall PSM and its constitutive elements: growing up in a religious family, growing up in a family with a conservative point of view, and (surprisingly) being raised by a parent who served in the military.     

Which Grievances Make People Support Violence against the State? Survey Evidence from the Niger Delta

Previous research has established a link between oil production and armed conflict in low- and middle-income countries. Oil-related grievances are viewed as a key variable driving resentment and antistate attitudes. However, the off-the-shelf measures of existing studies (oil exports, oil revenues per capita, etc.) measure dependence and richness, not grievances among the population. This article contributes to filling this gap. Relying on an original opinion poll from the conflict-ridden Niger Delta, the analysis shows that both rebel-pursued, collective grievances (unfair oil revenue distribution) and individual grievances (livelihood destruction due to oil production) make people support antistate violence. These results lend micro-level evidence to the grievance mechanism linking oil and (support for) rebellion.     

分裂国家罪及其司法认定

我国刑法关于分裂国家罪的立法规定,经历了一个历史发展过程.近年来,各种形式的分裂国家犯罪活动在全国范围内时有发生,对该罪的惩治面临着严峻的形势.2005年3月,十届全国人大通过《反分裂国家法》,也给我们研究分裂国家罪带来了新的课题.因此,了解分裂国家罪的立法概况,研究分裂国家罪的特征以及司法认定,有重大现实意义.     

Why do voters forgive corrupt mayors? Implicit exchange,credibility of information and clean alternatives

Corruption cases have limited electoral consequences in many countries. Why do voters often fail to punish corrupt politicians at the polls? Previous research has focused on the role of lack of information, weak institutions and partisanship in explaining this phenomenon. In this paper, we propose three micro-mechanisms that can help understand why voters support corrupt mayors even in contexts with high information and strong institutions: implicit exchange (good performance can make up for corruption), credibility of information (accusations from opposition parties are not credible) and the lack of credible alternatives (the belief that all politicians are corrupt). We test these mechanisms using three survey experiments conducted in Catalonia. Our results suggest that implicit exchange and credibility of information help explain voters’ support for corrupt politicians.     

Graduates' Views on Working in the Public Sector: A Comparative Analysis of the Three Tiers of Government

Why do university graduates choose to work for one level of government but not the others? This article examines the comparative appeal of government jobs across the three tiers of government – federal, state and local – in Australia. When asked to indicate their employer of choice, a majority of graduates in this case study ranked the federal and state governments close to each other. This article also compares and analyses the pre‐employment views and motivations of the graduates with varying interests in working for the different tiers of government.     

山东文物旅游客源市场结构与游客行为调查分析

结合问卷调查,对山东文物旅游的客源市场结构和游客行为特征作了初步的分析。其中客源市场结构分析包括性别构成、年龄构成、职业构成、教育程度构成和收入构成等,游客行为分析包括区外交通选择、目的构成、消费构成、组织情况构成、逗留时间构成、信息获取渠道、游客的重游率和满意度等。这两方面的研究将有助于山东文物旅游的市场开拓战略和旅游政策的制定。     

肝心同治法治疗功能性消化不良伴焦虑抑郁状态30例

目的 观察疏肝健脾合养心安神方治疗功能性消化不良（functional dyspepsia,FD）伴有焦虑抑郁状态的疗效。方法 将90例FD伴焦虑抑郁状态的患者随机分为疏肝组、疏肝养心组和疏肝黛力新组,分别治以中药疏肝健脾方、中药疏肝健脾方+养心安神方,及中药疏肝健脾方+黛力新,治疗前后观察3组患者脾胃症状评分,采用36条目生活质量简表（36-item short form health survey questionnaire, SF-36）评价患者治疗前后的生活质量,采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（Hamilton anxiety scale, HAMA）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（Hamilton depression scale, HAMD）评价患者治疗前后的焦虑抑郁水平。结果 疏肝养心组、疏肝黛力新组在改善FD患者脾胃症状,降低HAMA、HAMD评分,改善SF-36各维度评分方面显著优于疏肝组（P<0.05,或P<0.01）;疏肝养心组与疏肝黛力新组疗效比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 疏肝健脾方合养心安神方可明显改善FD伴焦虑抑郁状态患者的脾胃症状,并可改善焦虑抑郁症状,提高生活质量。     

中医综合疗法治疗膝骨关节炎临床疗效观察及生存质量评价

目的 观察中医综合疗法治疗膝骨关节炎的疗效及其对生存质量的影响。方法 将148例膝骨关节炎患者按照简单随机原则分为治疗组（75例）和对照组（73例）,治疗组采用骨刺颗粒内服、消炎膏外敷及日常生活指导,对照组采用布洛芬胶囊口服、奇正消痛贴膏外用及日常生活指导。以西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数（Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index,WOMAC）及《中医病证诊断疗效标准》中“骨痹”的疗效标准评价疗效,并采用36条目简明健康状况调查表（36-item short-form health survey,SF-36）对患者的生存质量进行评估。结果 治疗10 d及30 d后,治疗组总有效率均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;两组WOMAC评分均显著低于治疗前（P<0.01）,且治疗组WOMAC评分显著低于对照组（P<0.01）。与治疗前比较,治疗30 d后两组SF-36各维度评分均显著升高（P<0.01）。治疗组各维度评分改善值显著高于对照组（P<0.05,或P<0.01）。结论 中医综合疗法不仅能够改善膝骨关节炎的疼痛不适症状,而且能够改善关节活动度及躯体功能,提高患者生存质量。