Politics of private regulation: ISEAL and the shaping of transnational sustainability governance

Scholars describe the proliferation of sustainability standards by multi‐stakeholder initiatives as part of an organizational field for sustainability. The aim of this article is to gain a better understanding of the institutionalization process of this global organizational field by focusing on the case of the ISEAL Alliance (the global association for sustainability standards). We show how ISEAL puts specific strategies into place to both reinforce and expand the role and influence of sustainability standards. This institutional entrepreneurship consists primarily of two dimensions: institutionalizing macro‐standards based on a market‐driven and procedural vision of sustainability; and simultaneously legitimating both the tools and ISEAL through internal and external enrolments and entanglements. The characterization of ISEAL's activities in this way brings politics back into the analysis of sustainability standard‐related technical debates and extends our understanding of how the micro‐dynamics within organizational fields are interdependent upon macro‐dynamics outside organizational fields.     

中国东北亚安全利益的多维审视

中国东北亚安全利益是中国国家安全利益的重要内容之一,是中国东北亚安全战略与安全政策制定的重要依据。当前国际关系研究中,尚未对中国东北亚安全利益加以明晰的认知与界定,加强中国东北亚安全利益研究具有重要理论与现实意义。中国东北亚安全利益,可从外部环境、内在结构、现实挑战和护持策略等多维度作一全景审视。中国东北亚安全利益的环境处于既非霸权稳定又非均势和平的地区特殊安全结构之中,处于实力变异进程中稳定性趋弱的地区安全秩序之中,其实现面临难以消解的结构性困境。从东北亚安全利益的内在结构看,可分为从核心到边缘的四个层次:政治安全利益、军事安全利益、经济安全利益和生态安全利益。这四个层次的安全利益在现实层面分别面临多方面的威胁和挑战。多层次的东北亚安全利益,亦须从政治、军事、经济、生态诸维度加以维护,制定和实施全面、有效、可行的区域安全战略。为维护和实现中国的东北亚安全利益,我们要继续坚持和平发展的战略方针,以实力求和平;超越传统战略思维,以新安全观导向的地区安全战略来弱化和消解东北亚安全困境。     

荒政之行政伦理与传统国家（State）公共价值生成——基于“官僚制实践困境”命题中的行政伦理

就传统国家公共价值生成所必需的＂制度设计＂而论,社会公共事务治理——如荒政——之所以是传统国家公共价值生成之路径依赖,其根因即在于此类公共行政内在之行政伦理能够转换为公共价值。此行政伦理从官僚制生长的政治、社会、组织与管理背景揭示了传统国家能够生成公共价值及其官僚体制能依此价值实现演进之内在道德根据。在学理上,它关涉是否能在＂重塑政府与社会关系＂或＂在社会成长中再造政府＂的过程中重新定义政府（国家）,使政治和价值问题再度回到公共行政的核心位置。     

论技术侦查材料的证据资格

技术侦查在各类侦查工作中不但应用广泛而且侦查效果显著,但刑事诉讼法未对技术侦查进行应有规范,造成了技术侦查实施的合法性受到质疑,同时也导致技术侦查所获材料的证据能力降低甚至被忽略。如何认定技术侦查获得材料的证据资格是司法实践中亟待解决的问题,这对查明案件事实真相、提高司法各阶段的办案效率、实现当事人正当权益有现实意义。     

安全全球化的经济逻辑：以全球安全困境为例

当今世界，全球化出现了由经济全球化转向安全全球化的趋势，并存在进一步向“全球安全困境”坍缩的迹象。一些国家的政策开始由倾向于通过经济全球化带动增长，转向更多考虑国家安全因素并宁可为此牺牲经济效率，表现出更不相信开放、更不相信市场、战略竞争加码、供应链及支付网络安全化、军事投入及部署增加等特征。拯救全球化的根本之道在于通过突破性创新驱动的技术进步，将趋于疲弱的世界经济扭转至相对高速的增长轨道，让各国由“存量博弈”回归“增量博弈”。边疆或边缘地区具有打破常规、爆发出制度及科技等方面突破性创新的有利条件，但也存在特有的脆弱性。对一国而言，除应针对边疆地区出台大兴创新之风的鼓励政策外，还应当加强对其所承受的硬权力及软权力影响情况的监测和研判，在用好国际国内两个市场、两种资源的同时，须臾不可放松在软权力上的引致性投资，增强边疆地区的向心力，为其富有活力的突破性创新潜力的发挥创造安定团结的社会环境。     

Issue opacity and sustainability standard effectiveness

Many voluntary sustainability standards govern opaque environmental and social issues, which are difficult to understand and address. Extant studies show mixed evidence around the effectiveness of such standards. We develop a theoretical framework that relates different degrees and types of opacity to standard effectiveness. Systemic opacity results from issues embedded in complex, diverse, and dynamic settings, whereas behavioral opacity stems from human challenges in interpreting and acting upon focal issues. Rigid sustainability standards, oriented toward compliance, are effective for addressing issues that are transparent or enshrouded by behavioral opacity, but are counterproductive for issues with systemic opacity. The trade-off between rigidity and flexibility leads to optimal effectiveness when standards governing systemically and behaviorally opaque issues are moderately rigid. Our ideas are illustrated with two leading sustainability standards in the fisheries and real estate sectors, which effectively address transparent issues but show limited success when facing opacity. We conclude that unpacking issue opacity is instrumental in designing and implementing more effective sustainability standards.     

安全不可分割：理论内涵与实现路径

安全不可分割是全球安全倡议的重要原则。这一概念经历了和平不可分割、欧洲安全不可分割、俄罗斯—大西洋安全不可分割以及全球安全不可分割四个发展阶段。其理论内核为主体间安全不可分割、安全风险复合体不可分割、全球安全社会不可分割；其实践主张包括自身安全与共同安全、传统安全与非传统安全、安全权利与安全义务以及安全与发展不可分割。全球安全倡议以“均衡、有效和可持续”为基本框架，通过威胁驱动、利益驱动和认同驱动促进全球安全不可分割，进而促进国际社会的普遍安全。安全不可分割原则体现了全球安全倡议的核心价值，是中国为世界和平、繁荣与稳定作出的重要贡献。     

安全困境、战略自主与风险偏好的惯性探究

为什么一个大国会从“风险规避型”偏好向“风险承担型”偏好转移？大国风险规避或风险承担的战略偏好并不总是与实力对比或战略环境相匹配,有时在现状收益递减或相对权力优势最大化时选择克制战略,却在仍处于现状收益递增或权力劣势时选择冒进战略。对于解释风险偏好的这一不确定性特征,可通过对国家战略自主性、战略动机、安全困境和风险偏好惯性等进行关联性考察,采取兼具体系变量与单元变量的综合路径,探究非本意的系统效应结果。通过对近代欧洲多极体系与美苏冷战两极体系的结构性和进程性考察,验证了自利德尔.哈特到保罗.肯尼迪的目标—手段的动态平衡对大国应对战略风险的重要性,并在一定程度上丰富了战略自主性与风险偏好的惯性研究。     

When private governance impedes multilateralism: The case of international pesticide governance

Private standards play an increasingly important governance role, yet their effects on state-led policymaking remain understudied. We examine how the operation of private agricultural standards influences multilateral pesticide governance with a particular focus on the listing of substances under the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, a treaty-based information-sharing mechanism that allows countries to refuse hazardous chemical imports. We find that private agricultural standard-setting bodies use the Rotterdam Convention's pesticide list to develop their own lists of banned substances. This alters the Rotterdam Convention's intended role, impeding efforts to add substances to the treaty, as attempts by private actors to impose stricter governance than state actors can undermine the potential for international state-based governance to become more stringent. We characterize this as a “confounding interaction” whereby institutional linkages between actions by public and private actors with broadly aligned goals results in unexpected negative consequences for governance.     

抗战前后新启蒙思潮的“中国化”转向及运行困境

受特殊运行环境的激发，新启蒙思潮开启了由“西化”向“中国化”的转型尝试。然而，思想启蒙的实现程度，总是取决于它满足该国家需要的程度。由于对民族文化特别是儒家传统救国意义的过分迷恋和畸形阐发，新启蒙思潮没能形成对中国国情的全面把握，其“中国化”话语出现了批判意识与保守情结、“济天下”与“善其身”、文化包容与权威整合、民族觉醒与个性解放等关系的调处困境，最终在继承与超越、传统与现代等一系列博弈斗争中，左右摇摆、顾此失彼，没能形成对中国化进程的系统推动。当前，“中国化”话语的建构应在马克思主义的指导下，依托民众主体力量，着眼于现实实践的主题变化，充分激发社会主义制度优势，才能超越对旧传统的过分纠葛，开拓出更为广阔的创新前景。