刑事案件信息的类别及数据项

刑事案件信息是办理刑事案件活动收集的案件本源信息和办案工作信息的统称,是认识论意义上的信息,是公安基础信息的重要组成部分。从学理上与信息管理的不同视角划分案件信息,其侧重点不同。从信息管理视角对案件信息进行分类设置具体数据项,是规范化采集与描述信息的客观要求,是保证案件信息标准化、案件数据和信息资源共享最大化、联查最广化,且推进侦查办案模式改革创新的基础。     

On the application of CRAVED to livestock theft in Malawi

Livestock theft is common in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Experience of theft can deplete household assets and food resources. This article reports the findings of an exploratory study to investigate whether livestock theft patterns in Malawi reflect variations in the extent to which different animals are “CRAVED” (Concealable, Removable, Available, Valuable, Enjoyable, and Disposable), Clarke's mnemonic to explain preferences for items to steal. Measures of the elements of CRAVED were correlated with self-reported levels of theft for seven species of livestock using data from a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey of 11,280 households. Higher availability and disposability of livestock were significantly associated with higher levels of theft. Livestock displaying more CRAVED attributes were also stolen in greater numbers. The findings are cautiously interpreted as suggesting that livestock theft in Malawi is largely opportunistic. Implications from and for the application of CRAVED to livestock theft in Malawi are discussed.     

浅析执法办案过程中的有效沟通

执法办案过程中的有效沟通是提高执法水平和办案质量的重要基础。本文通过分析工商行政管理执法办案过程中存在的问题及沟通不足带来的危害,针对执法办案人员存在的沟通障碍,提出了实现有效沟通的对策和措施及执法人员在执法办案过程中应注意的事项。     

我国身份盗窃的刑法规制研究——兼与美国身份盗窃刑法规制的比较

身份盗窃具有严重的法益侵害性,应当运用刑法予以规制。但是我国现行刑法并没有为其设置专门罪名,而是通过对其预备行为与后续行为的禁止来实现对身份盗窃的间接规制。并且相关规范在行为的内容、主体、对象以及主观方面等要素的规定上存在严重的不足,无法满足规制的需要。而美国联邦及所属州和地区却通过不同模式的制定法为我们展现了运用刑法对身份盗窃进行直接规制的可能。这些模式大致分为两类,两类模式各有优劣。本文在比较分析的基础上,探索分析了我国完善身份盗窃刑法规制的途径与措施。     

Gun incidents at the local level: understanding the demographic variables

To maintain public safety and improve system response, a strong need exists for understanding the demographic variables associated with gun offenders and gun cases. This paper was focused on exploring these variables by creating and analyzing a weapon-related database at a local police department. The findings, although limited due to the explorative nature of the study and the quality of case files, shed some light on the personal background variables of suspects such as age, race, residence, and prior record and the weapon offenses they were involved in. The research also reveals certain challenges in developing and analyzing a gun-case database at the local level. Future researchers need to resolve these difficulties before achieving a more accurate and systematic understanding of individuals involved in gun crimes.     

再论刑事立案法律监督之完善

刑事立案监督是人民检察院进行法律监督的重要组成部分,也是启动刑事诉讼程序的关键环节,它对规范刑事立案权的正确行使,纠正立案活动中的违法行为具有重要的作用,但目前司法实践存在不少问题影响了检察机关实施刑事立案监督工作取得的预期法律效果。主要从我国立法关于检察机关刑事立案监督的程序规定入手,对刑事立案监督的对象、范围、标准以及具体实施中的一些问题进行了探讨,并结合我国司法实践和现实需要,从其价值实现角度提出立法必须明确刑事立案监督对象、完善刑事立案监督范围、建立专门刑事立案监督部门、完善刑事立案监督程序、完善刑事立案监督标准等。     

Automatic Comparison and Evaluation of Impressions Left by a Firearm on Fired Cartridge Cases

Recent years have been characterized by a series of publications in the field of firearms investigation questioning the reliability and objectivity of such examination. This research investigates new solutions to decrease the subjective component affecting the evaluation that follows the comparison of impressions left by a firearm on the surface of spent cartridge cases. An automatic comparison system based on 3D measurements has been developed and coupled to a bivariate evaluative model allowing assigning likelihood ratios. Based on a dataset of 79 pistols (all SIG Sauer 9 mm Luger caliber), the system shows a very high discriminating power and the LRs that it provides are very indicative of the true state under both the prosecution and the defense propositions. For example, likelihood ratios exceeding a billion are predominantly obtained when impressions originating from the same source are compared. The system is also characterized by relatively low rates (≤1%) of misleading evidence depending on the firearm considered.     

Working Smarter on Cold Cases: Identifying Factors Associated with Successful Cold Case Investigations

Cold case squads have garnered much attention; however, they have yet to undergo significant empirical scrutiny. In the present study, the authors interviewed investigators and reviewed 189 solved and unsolved cold cases in Washington, D.C., to determine whether there are factors that can predict cold case solvability. In the interviews, new information from witnesses or information from new witnesses was cited as the most prevalent reason for case clearance. The case reviews determined that there were factors in each of the following domains that predicted whether cases would be solved during cold case investigations: Crime Context, Initial Investigation Results, Basis for Opening Cold Case, and Cold Case Investigator Actions. The results suggest that it is possible to prioritize cold case work based on the likelihood of investigations leading to clearances.     

基于司法解释规制机制的导向论案例指导制度

中国的案例指导制度是借鉴判例制度,在我国成文法为主的法律体系下运用案例对法律的准确理解和适用进行指导的一种司法解释制度。其与传统司法解释区别的关键在于形式,与国外判例法区别的关键在于其指导性。我国传统司法解释的本质是司法法,涉嫌立法。司法解释权实出自司法权,司法解释规制机制可从司法权内部找寻。然而,当前指导性案例作为司法解释规制机制的条件并不充分。因此,要以完善案例指导制度带动司法解释规制机制的健全。于当下而言,扩大指导性案例发布主体不失为完善案例指导制度、推进这一转变的良策。     

从证据确实充分到排除合理怀疑简

修改后的刑事诉讼法第53条第二款对我国的证据确实充分标准进行了界定,首次将排除合理怀疑引入,丰富了证明标准的内涵,理论上和司法实践中都具有重要意义.文章通过对不同法系及我国刑事诉讼中的刑事案件证明标准进行比较和梳理,对如何理解和适用刑事诉讼法第53条“证据确实充分”标准及“排除合理怀疑”标准进行了分析.提出正确把握“排除合理怀疑标准”必须遵循的逻辑规律,并就进一步构建和完善刑事案件多层次证据与证明标准做出进一步的思考.