Linking self- and social control with deviance: Illuminating the structure underlying a general theory of crime and its relation to deviant activity

The present paper operationalizes and empirically tests the most recent theoretical speculations of Hirschi and Gottfredson regarding an individual level characteristic of self-control and its relation to earlier specifications of control theory as well as the literature on personality. Linkages are drawn between their broad delineation of self-control and personal disorders of hyperactivity, impulsivity, attention deficits, and minor conduct problems. Psychologists disagree about whether such disorders represent single or multiple traits and whether both behavioral and cognitive measures can appropriately depict personality characteristics. Employing structural equation techniques, support for several propositions derived from Gottfredson and Hirschi's thesis is found: Self-control subsumes several personality disorders and is significantly comprised by early behavioral indicators of aggression and fighting, is inversely related to other elements of the social bond, is moderately stable over a short period of time, and significantly predicts criminal convictions. However, questions remain regarding the ubiquity of self-control, the magnitude and meaning of stability, and the power of this perspective to explain all forms of self-reported delinquency.     

DOES CRIME JUST MOVE AROUND THE CORNER? A CONTROLLED STUDY OF SPATIAL DISPLACEMENT AND DIFFUSION OF CRIME CONTROL BENEFITS*

Recent studies point to the potential theoretical and practical benefits of focusing police resources on crime hot spots. However, many scholars have noted that such approaches risk displacing crime or disorder to other places where programs are not in place. Although much attention has been paid to the idea of displacement, methodological problems associated with measuring it have often been overlooked. We try to fill these gaps in measurement and understanding of displacement and the related phenomenon of diffusion of crime control benefits. Our main focus is on immediate spatial displacement or diffusion of crime to areas near the targeted sites of an intervention. Do focused crime prevention efforts at places simply result in a movement of offenders to areas nearby targeted sites—“do they simply move crime around the corner”? Or, conversely, will a crime prevention effort focusing on specific places lead to improvement in areas nearby—what has come to be termed a diffusion of crime control benefits? Our data are drawn from a controlled study of displacement and diffusion in Jersey City, New Jersey. Two sites with substantial street‐level crime and disorder were targeted and carefully monitored during an experimental period. Two neighboring areas were selected as “catchment areas” from which to assess immediate spatial displacement or diffusion. Intensive police interventions were applied to each target site but not to the catchment areas. More than 6,000 20‐minute social observations were conducted in the target and catchment areas. They were supplemented by interviews and ethnographic field observations. Our findings indicate that, at least for crime markets involving drugs and prostitution, crime does not simply move around the corner. Indeed, this study supports the position that the most likely outcome of such focused crime prevention efforts is a diffusion of crime control benefits to nearby areas.     

建立交通管理社区警务体制刍议

随着社会经济的发展 ,原有的交通勤务管理方式的局限性越来越突出 ,改革现有的交通勤务管理模式 ,建立社区警务体制 ,是适应城市社区改革 ,推进交通安全社会化 ,提高管理效能 ,发挥民警主观能动性的需要。对此 ,应合理设置警务管理区 ,确定交通管理社区警务职责 ,规范交通管理社区警务运作模式。     

致伤方式推断在道路交通事故再现研究及责任认定中的作用

本文从法医学的角度,论述了道路交通事故致伤方式推断的方法、特点以及与涉案人员交通行为方式鉴定、死因分析的相关性,强调了致伤方式推断在事故重建及涉案人员责任认定中的重要性。并以3起真实的道路交通事故为例,阐述了致伤方式推断分析的过程,进一步结合碰撞软件对事故进行计算机仿真研究,再现过程表明致伤方式推断的正确性,初步验证了从致伤方式推断入手分析涉案人员交通行为方式、死亡原因的可行性;同时指出对于致伤方式不明确的道路交通事故,可通过事故遗留的制动轨迹、速度等进行计算机模拟研究,对于致伤方式推断具有一定的参考价值。     

关于公司法实施中的若干问题

在公司法实施中暴露的主要问题是发起人虚假出资、控制股东行为不规范、公司人格混同及被滥用现象突出。完善公司立法应立足中国国情,统一公司与企业法,重构公司资本制度,降低公司设立门槛,完善公司治理,细化债权人保护规则以增强法的可诉性;在公司司法方面,宜完善司法解释并由最高人民法院公布公司案例,发挥其引导作用;在揭开公司面纱方面尤其应结合中国的国情和司法实践,而不宜机械地照般国外的理论。     

法律对社会冲突的控制与和谐社会的构建

现实社会是冲突与和谐的统一体。和谐社会并不是不存在冲突,而是社会制度能够最大限度减少冲突。中国目前正处在构建社会主义和谐社会时期,需要从法律制度上对各种社会冲突进行有效控制。在立法上,建立一种服务于大多数人利益整合的制度,实现对利益的分配、保障和和谐;在司法上,做到阻止非法利益、平衡合法利益、容许法外利益,实现司法公正。     

谈公安派出所在消防监督检查中存在的问题及对策

公安派出所消防监督检查是我国三级消防管理体制的重要组成部分。文章通过调查和对辽宁省朝阳市1994年~2004年火灾情况的分析,发现公安派出所在消防监督检查工作中存在体制关系不顺等问题,为完善公安派出所消防安全工作,使消防监督三级管理走上法制化的轨道,贯彻落实公安部73号令———《消防监督检查规定》,结合实际提出了将消防监督检查工作落到实处的解决方案。     

诈骗犯罪中被害人过错研究

被害人过错是诈骗犯罪既遂的重要条件。被害人自身素质低、社会风气不正及社会管理上存在漏洞是滋生诈骗犯罪被害人过错的重要原因。减少被害人过错是防控诈骗犯罪的重要措施。为此须健全法律制度,严密社会管理措施,提高社会成员的整体素质,加强社会预警等,才能有效减少诈骗犯罪。     

“毒品战争”及其问题评析

19世纪未开始的美国禁毒运动主要以州或市为单位进行，《1914年哈里森麻醉品税法》颁布后，联邦层面上的禁毒活动方告正式启动。在半个世纪后，尼克松总统挟超级大国之威，以“毒品战争”（WaronDrugs）的全新禁毒理念，从外交、法治及治疗等方面对毒品施以全方位的围剿。至今仍在进行的“毒品战争”是美国百年禁毒史上的一个不可分割的阶段，给美国乃至整个国际社会禁毒运动都烙上了深刻的印记。无论其成败如何，观其成因并借鉴其经验与教训对制定今日的禁毒政策无疑具有重要的参考意义。     

浅析高等院校校园危机的预防

高等院校校园危机已经成为一种社会现象,危机的防范也已成为构建和谐社会的重要内容。校园危机重在预防,强化危机意识是危机预防的立足点和出发点。当前,要建立应对危机的预警机制;应该将危机防范管理制度化;应该建立常备不懈的危机应急机制;应该加强大学生的心理健康教育;还应该完善高校帮困助学体系。