Parties’ policy adjustments in response to changes in issue saliency

Abstract

A number of studies have investigated when parties change their policy positions. However, this growing body of research has had limited interaction with the literature on issue competition. To bring these two perspectives together, this article investigates how and when parties adjust their respective policy positions on immigration, the environment and the welfare state. In the article it is argued that especially large parties in electoral terms adjust their policy positions on specific issues in response to changes in the party system saliency of these issues. When the other parties increase their focus on a given issue, large parties adjust their position in the direction preferred by a majority of the voters. In the article this argument is investigated empirically, based on CMP data from 18 West European countries from 1980 to 2014. The findings largely support the argument and show a strong potential for further integration of the two dominant perspectives on party competition.     

试论竞争法上的竞争维持与成本效益原则

本文是笔者在通过对亚太经济合作组织（ＡＰＥＣ）成员经济体的竞争政策、法律进行研究后写成的、文章共分五个部分，分别对竞争维持与成本效益原则的一般概况及运用等情况作了介绍和分析，     

中药知识产权国际化保护问题的实效方法论应用——以中美对中药保护最佳路径选择为视角

解决中药知识产权保护问题离不开国际化因素的考量,但是国际化并不能等同于西方化,尤其是美国化的西药审批及保护标准,这是中医入欧盟零注册危机给国人的最新启示。从专利特别保护、传统知识特别保护及公用知识无保护三种主要路径对中美中药市场竞争的影响出发,应用实效方法论的重要工具博弈均衡理论,对中美中药及植物药保护的不同选择路径不同利益效果作了对比性的数据及逻辑分析。研究发现,我国对中药知识产权国际化保护的最佳选择应是理清中药作为传统知识的知识产权地位,而促进美国对植物药的专利化具备利益的可行性。建议在构建国内中药传统知识保护的专门法律制度的同时,创建性地促进中药的科技创新、国际合作以及相关国际公约的修改。     

Between competition and centralization: the new infrastructures of European finance

Ongoing European financial market integration relies on the creation of harmonized and centralized market infrastructures: the little-known institutions and systems that settle financial transactions across borders. Since the constitutional conception of market integration within the EU entails creating ‘a level playing field’ for competition, a fundamental problem emerges of how to provide that centralization and harmonization without violating the core principles of an open market economy either through private monopolization or public privatization. The paper presents a socio-technological study of a recent major infrastructure initiative by the European Central Bank, called Target2 Securities (T2S). Embedding the analysis of the struggles and debates around the birth and development of T2S in an analysis of the structural problem of competition and centralization in European financial market integration, the paper suggests an alternative perspective to that of performativity currently dominating the research field.     

Environmentalism undercover: The environmental dimension of public support for domestic water charges

Research shows that environmental attitudes can affect support for environmentally-beneficial policies. However, it is unclear whether environmental attitudes can influence support for such policies when they are not being primarily framed through an environmental lens. Using data from the 2011 Irish National Election Study, this paper examines the issue using the case of support for the reintroduction of water charges. This was a contentious issue with debate largely focusing on the proposal as an austerity measure, but the proposal also had environmental implications. The results find that while individuals' willingness to prioritise environmental protection over economic growth did not affect their support for water charges, their willingness to make individual sacrifices for the environment did. Moreover, voters’ position on this policy impacted their vote choice. The findings are particularly important given the struggles that governments are facing in implementing environmental taxes and charges.     

Partisanship,Ministers, and Biotechnology Policy

Research in public policy and political economy has provided many insights in the evolution of public resistance against genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the last two decades. But how does the partisan composition of a government, its programmatic orientation and the allocation of cabinet offices affect policy making in this specific area? We argue that the regulation of GMOs is determined by the ideological orientation of governments and the presence of parties with a specific ideological background in the cabinet. In addition, we hypothesize that the parties' control over relevant cabinet posts matter for GMO regulation. We test our hypotheses by using an innovative dataset that contains information on biotechnology regulation outputs of European governments in the time period from 1996 until 2013, the partisan composition and policy‐area specific positions of governments, and the party affiliation of key cabinet actors. The results show that the presence of a Christian democratic party in a cabinet increases the chances of a ban on biotech crops, in particular if it controls the Ministry of the Environment.     

内部能力、企业竞争力和企业资源最优配置——一个理论模型（AMEC模型）

传统的企业竞争力模型缺乏对系统的界定,混淆企业竞争力与企业能力的界限。本文通过引入波特的竞争模型,提出一个多层次企业竞争力模型（AMEC①）。模型分为外部竞争子模型、企业能力子模型和企业竞争力公式三个部分,基于系统分层界定企业竞争力,通过结合企业外部竞争和内部能力两个因素推导出企业竞争力公式;并在系统利益既定的情况下,推导出基于企业竞争力的利益分配公式和基于企业内部能力的利益分配公式,得出一个企、止资源最优配置的路径．最后给出一个企业资源最佳配置的实例。     

“油价问题”的法律规制——以产业法与竞争法的功能组合为核心

＂油价问题＂并非简单的价格管制,牵涉到产业、竞争等诸多体制性因素,其背后折射出产业法与竞争法之间的断裂。以产业法与竞争法的功能组合为核心规制油价,一方面应侧重于竞争法的角度推进《反垄断法》配套规范的制定和实施,并从公共政策的高度、超越具体执法机关以有效规制垄断性油企的限制竞争行为;另一方面应侧重于产业法角度打破既有垄断结构以实现局部充分竞争,并辅之以金融市场的基础建设及垄断性油企的公司治理,从而构建由石油储备机制、市场化的企业竞争机制和石油期货机制构成的油价形成系统。     

从加害给付看违约责任与侵权责任之竞合——兼评《合同法》第122条

违约责任与侵权责任竞合是民事责任竞合的典型形式,两大法系主要国家的立法模式各不相同,学者的理解亦莫衷一是。其基本理论传统上只是笼统概括违约责任与侵权责任之竞合,并未仔细区分民事责任具体责任承担方式之间的竞合以及不同性质利益之间竞合等具体情形;同种性质责任承担方式之间才存在责任竞合,应当厘清不同的具体承担方式、区别不同性质利益。     

在工程项目上开展劳动竞赛的认识与实践

工程项目是施工企业参与市场竞争、展示综合实力的前沿阵地,工会在项目上开展"五比一创"劳动竞赛,是挖掘和发挥全体员工的潜能,促进企业争市场、创信誉的绝好方式,其意义和效果显而易见。