事实、评价与决策——论题的类型分析

现有的逻辑理论虽然提出了论题必须明确的要求,却没有给出明确论题的方法。笔者认为,要做到论题明确,就必须对论题进行全面、深入的分析,这种分析可分为类型分析、结构分析和语义分析三个方面。本文就论题的类型分析进行了探讨,分别论述了事实性论题、评价性论题和决策性论题三种不同的论题。     

Into the Thick of It: Methodological Issues in Studying the Drug Trade in the Golden Triangle

This paper explores research methods used in a study about a sensitive topic in a sensitive area—the drug trade in the Golden Triangle. It covers issues such as entering and exiting the research site, obtaining approval from the people in power at the research site, recruiting and training research staff, developing and testing interview protocols, locating the subjects to be interviewed, and conducting the interviews. This article also discusses problems encountered in the process of conducting the study and the limitations of the research project. Finally, it relates what lessons have been learned that are of general interest to researchers studying similar topics under comparable conditions. Support for this research was provided by Grant SES-0095929 from the National Science Foundation. The opinions are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of the National Science Foundation.     

行政立法后评估制度的构建

行政立法后评估制度是一项亟待正式确立与完善的制度,现存问题很多,尚未形成稳定的评估体系、缺乏统一的评估标准、评估主体过窄、评估开展时间不科学、评估结果效力不明确等。基于上述问题的简明分析,提出应该构建系统化的行政立法后评估制度及其配套制度,规范评估内容、评估程序、评估方法以及评估标准,扩大评估主体范围,确定评估时间以及保障评估结果的运用。     

我国通货紧缩的后果分析

中国当前的通货紧缩对个人、企业、银行、资本市场和政府产生多方面的影响 ;同时 ,也对经济发展造成一定影响 ;中国政府应认真加以应对。     

以制度建设推进国家治理能力现代化

推进国家治理能力现代化是党的十八届三中全会提出的全面深化改革的总目标。制度建设对推进国家治理能力现代化意义重大。由于各方面的原因,当前制度建设尚存在制度现代化水平不高、制度执行力不强、制度建设中公民参与程度不够等诸多问题。要不断推进国家治理能力现代化,必须从建立完善的制度体系、强化制度执行力建设、加强制度执行主体的能力建设、激发多元主体参与制度建设等方面下功夫。     

中国政治发展过程中的“群众”探微

我国民主政治的发展路径与西方国家相比有较大不同,集中表现在“群众”这一过渡环节.从空间角度来说,“群众”无疑彰显了中国的政治特色;从时间角度来看, “群众”既是臣民时代的终结者,同时又叩响了公民时代的大门,其在中国政治发展过程中扮演着过渡者的角色.本文分析了中国政治发展过程中“群众”的政治内涵,探讨了中国特殊的政治演变逻辑,提出了中国政治未来的发展方向.     

论行政侵权主体

在世界范围内存在着三种类型的行政侵权主体,我国的行政侵权主体即是行政主体的具体化和特定化,而公务员不能成为行政侵权主体。确定行政侵权主体必须厘清行政侵权主体与行政侵权的行为主体、行政侵权责任主体、行政赔偿义务机关的关系。     

家庭暴力主体关系模型的构建与演进——兼对“家庭成员”概念进行辨析

通过家庭暴力法律特别规制的必要性反推出家庭暴力主体可能具备的两个因素,即"亲密因素"与"共居因素";并基于上述两个假定因素,构建了"亲密关系"、"共居关系"、"扩张关系"、"依赖关系"四个家庭暴力主体关系模型,并对其适用范围做出了界定。同时总结了家庭暴力主体关系模型的两次演变过程,即"由‘依赖关系’模型转向‘亲密关系’模型"与"‘亲密关系’模型的异化";并基于此证伪了现行司法解释中"家庭成员"的概念,同时提出了自己的看法。     

马克思主义中国化的社会主体及其结构内涵

马克思主义中国化的社会主体是有效推动并实现马克思主义中国化持续、快速而健康发展的社会力量或关系力量的总称;在＂应然＂逻辑层面上,马克思主义中国化的社会主体表现为一种＂以社会为本位＂的逻辑结构;历史地看,马克思主义中国化的社会主体表现为一个由原初态、次生态和新生态构成的历史结构。     

In silico toxicity as a tool for harm reduction: A study of new psychoactive amphetamines and cathinones in the context of criminal science

The emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has raised many issues in the context of law enforcement and public drug policies. In this scenario, interdisciplinary studies are crucial to the decision-making process in the field of criminal science. Unfortunately, information about how NPS affect people's health is lacking even though knowledge about the toxic potential of these substances is essential: the more information about these drugs, the greater the possibility of avoiding damage within the scope of a harm reduction policy. Traditional analytical methods may be inaccessible in the field of forensic science because they are relatively expensive and time-consuming. In this sense, less costly and faster in silico methodologies can be useful strategies. In this work, we submitted computer-calculated toxicity values of various amphetamines and cathinones to an unsupervised multivariate analysis, namely Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and to the supervised techniques Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy and Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (SIMCA and PLS-DA) to evaluate how these two NPS groups behave. We studied how theoretical and experimental values are correlated by PLS regression. Although experimental data was available for a small amount of molecules, correlation values reproduced literature values. The in silico method efficiently provided information about the drugs. On the basis of our findings, the technical information presented here can be used in decision-making regarding harm reduction policies and help to fulfill the objectives of criminal science.