俄罗斯区划研究

早在沙俄时期,沙皇政府就对全国进行行政区划,以便于统治。十月革命后,苏联政府废除了沙俄时期的行政区划,建立了三级行政单位,并建立了经济区,对各地区进行劳动力合理配置和专业化分工。然而俄罗斯向市场经济转轨之后,苏联时期的行政区和经济区都与市场经济发生矛盾,迫使俄联邦政府对行政区和经济区进行改革,建立了民族区域与行政区域共存的联邦制以及能够协调中央与地方关系的联邦区。     

发掘科学文化的实践价值 创新和繁荣先进文化

科学作为一种特殊的文化 ,它是整个人类文化系统的重要组成部分 ,科学与文化之间呈现出一种互动的生长态势。当前要进行文化创新 ,繁荣先进文化 ,必须大力倡导科学文化和发掘科学文化的实践价值 ,深刻认识并正确把握科学文化与先进文化之间的关系 ,加强以科学精神、科学思维、科学宽容为内容的科学文化研究。     

The Development of Youth Violence: An Old Story with New Data

Youth violence is a major public concern in all modern societies. To prevent this violence, we need to understand how innocent young children grow into violent adolescents. Longitudinal studies of large samples of children from infancy to adulthood indicate that the peak age for physical aggression is between the end of the second and the end of the fourth year after birth. Fortunately, because of their size, physical aggression from two-year-olds does not constitute a major threat to the public in general. It is also providential that most children learn to control these physically dangerous and socially disruptive behaviours before they reach their maximum size. This natural course of development suggests that the preschool years are the best window of opportunity to prevent the development of cases of chronic physical aggression. Safe streets probably start with quality early education. This article is an updated version of an article originally published in the Canadian Journal of Policy Research (ISUMA) (2000), vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 19–24.     

Ethics and Foreign Policy: Structured Debates for the International Studies Classroom

Debates about humanitarian intervention, foreign and defense policy priorities, and the ethics of the use of force have become highly politicized in the post-Cold War era. This article explores the value of structured classroom debates on ethical dimensions of international relations as active teaching and learning tools for introductory and advanced international studies courses. Specifically, this article presents design information for structured debates on the ethics of the use of military force, humanitarian interventions, and U.S. foreign policy toward international institutions such as the International Criminal Court (ICC). Building on the literature on active teaching and learning, the article describes the development of these exercises and assesses their effectiveness through ten years of classroom application.     

Second‐Order Devolution or Local Activism? Local Air Agencies Revisited

In response to calls from previous scholarship for further bottom‐up examination of local government roles in environmental policy, the authors revisit local air agencies to examine two separate phenomena occurring in environmental federalism: one from the top down (second‐order devolution) and one from the bottom up (local activism). Using survey data from local air agencies on devolved authorities to set air quality standards and to enforce federal and/or state standards, the authors identify three different types of local agencies: state administrative subunits (only enforcement authority), fully devolved agencies (authority to both set and enforce standards), and activist agencies (neither authority). Further findings indicate that state administrative subunits and fully devolved agencies are likely functions of second‐order devolution, while activist agencies are likely functions of local activism. Conclusions suggest that both top‐down and bottom‐up approaches to environmental federalism are shaping local government roles in environmental management.     

Post-colonial folk dancing: reflections on the impact of stage folk dance style on traditional folk dance variation in Soviet and post-Soviet Estonia

ABSTRACT

The focus of this article is on traditional folk dance in Soviet and post-Soviet Estonia. Dance variation is analyzed through the prism of postcolonial theories to reveal the sequential effects of the colonial situation developed during the Soviet period. Specific causes and characteristic traits of the Soviet influence are explored. Colonialist echoes of the Soviet regime within contemporary Estonian culture are reflected in two trends in the variation of traditional folk dance: first, “contamination” of traditional folk dance with stage dance elements promoted during the Soviet era and, second, a regular search for “genuine” folk dance as a reaction to Soviet colonial heritage.     

A Validation Study of Bullet and Cartridge Case Comparisons Using Samples Representative of Actual Casework

The foundation of firearm and tool mark identification is that no two tools should produce the same microscopic marks on two separate objects that they would be inaccurately or wrongly identified. Studies addressing the validity of identification infrequently employ tests that mirror realistic casework scenarios. This study attempted to do so using a double‐blind process, reducing test‐taking bias. Test kits including bullets and cartridge cases but not the associated firearms were completed by 31 analysts from 22 agencies. Analysis of the results demonstrated an overall error rate of 0.303%, sensitivity of 85.2%, and specificity of 86.8%. Variability in performance across examiners is addressed, and the effect of examiners’ years of experience on identification accuracy is explored. Finally, the article discusses the importance of studies using realistic case work scenarios when validating the field's performance and in providing courts with usable indicators of the accuracy of firearm and tool mark identification.     

88例已破故意杀人案的回顾性分析

目的总结故意杀人案现场的法医学检案重点、难点和相关实践经验。方法收集某县2004—2013年88例已破故意杀人案件资料并进行回顾性分析。结果本县籍女性被害人数明显高于外埠籍女性。犯罪嫌疑人中外埠籍明显高于本县籍,男性明显高于女性;职业多为打工、无业或务农;学历明显较低。被害人死亡原因以机械性损伤、机械性窒息为主。故意杀人案件以熟人作案为主,陌生人作案主要表现为谋财。行为类型在谋人、谋财、谋性三类案件中具有一定的指向性,伪装行为及愧疚行为指向性最明显。结论犯罪嫌疑人的准确刻画是法医学鉴定中最重要的任务之一,也反映了故意杀人案现场法医工作的重要性及未来的研究方向。