滥伐林木行为之行政法律责任评析

对滥伐林木行为追究行政责任时存在行政处罚的执法阻力较大,征收罚款的理论依据不足,行政罚款责任得来的资金的管理和使用不当等缺陷.本文认为,应当恢复民事责任、行政责任合理分界的状态,行政责任必须退出且应当完全可以由民事责任发生作用的领域;应当对滥伐林木行为人追究惩罚性民事损害赔偿责任.     

Family strategy of economic inequality among brothers in Korean rural society, 1690–1795

This article examines how inequality among brothers was practised as a family strategy in Korean south-eastern rural society from the end of the seventeenth to the late eighteenth century as a response to local economic changes. The Wolchon area experienced a process of downward levelling in this period. Using the household registers and land registers, the authors reconstituted 58 families with brothers who held land and 406 families who possessed nobi (‘serfs’ or ‘slaves’) for further examination. As a family strategy, most of these families attempted a strategy of unequal inheritance that resulted in maintaining high economic status for only one of the children among all the brothers. This child, in most cases, would be the eldest son, but also could be another son. The degree of inequality among brothers with regard to nobi-holding declined over time. Most families successfully maintained inequality, and through this family status, by efficiently practising the unequal inheritance strategy, while some families failed to keep the same level of inequality by the end of the eighteenth century. The degree of inequality among brothers is intimately connected to family property size. Each family sought its own strategy to suit the actual economic condition of the family. While very wealthy families attempted to give a similar inheritance to all brothers to provide an equal chance to each of them, less wealthy families reduced the survival chances of some children by the concentration of property given to only one child.     

South Africa as an emerging power: from label to ‘status consistency’?

South Africa proudly wears the label ‘emerging power’, with its membership of the BRICS and G20 probably the most visible signs of this conferred status. This paper explores the concept of the emerging powers within the context of current global power shifts and locates South Africa within this group. It discusses the criteria for and characteristics of emerging powers, and then turns to some of the constraints and challenges faced by these states. Specific attention is paid to the ‘how’ of these states' recognition and inclusion in global institutions and the impact of domestic conditions and regional politics on their positions, focusing particularly on South Africa. It concludes that these factors will continue to challenge South Africa's ability to rise above the semblance of importance conferred by its inclusion in the category of emerging powers to a position in which it exercises this status to its own advantage, including its idealistic objectives of promoting greater global equality and recognition for Africa and the global South. Although other emerging powers face similar challenges, South Africa's domestic constraints and related lack of regional and global reach, politically and economically, threaten its ‘status consistency’ as an emerging power.     

Norms,Behavioral Compliance,and Status Attribution in International Politics

Extant work on status attribution has largely focused on major powers or state capabilities as key explanatory factors driving these social processes and suggests that status considerations increase conflicts between states. We argue for a more comprehensive approach to status attribution that considers international norms as another major factor that is weighed in the attribution process. We contend that states (policymakers) evaluate one another not only on the basis of economic and military capabilities but also on the extent to which there is behavioral conformance with normative expectations and reward one another dependent upon whether these expectations are met. However, this attribution of status is dependent upon the level of contestation pertaining to that norm. Using a data set that assesses consistency with six different norms (resource transference, multilateralism, economic liberalism, democratic governance, respect for human rights, and peaceful dispute resolution), we find that status attribution is associated with norm-consistent behavior but only when these norms are uncontested at the global level.     

婚姻身份协议的社会性别分析

婚姻身份协议正以越来越丰富的形态出现,中国民事立法尚未对其效力作出明确规定,司法实践对其效力认定不一。婚姻身份协议不同于一般的民事契约,它是饱受家庭暴力、婚外情等行为困扰的女性自我保护的一种救济手段。但建立在性别不平等基础的婚姻身份协议必然存在着难以解决的现实问题,因此这些受侵害女性的权益保障命题绝不仅仅通过婚姻身份协议就能够完成,它需要国家公共政策主要是法律作出相应的制度安排。     

从婚姻历程看中国传统社会中家庭男权的复杂性

本文考察了1949年建国前中国男权家庭中,父权与夫权的交织作用对夫妇权力关系的影响。其基本方法是跳出性别分析方法的局限,将家庭男权制度置于父系继嗣的体系中去研究,从而揭示已婚妇女在代际和夫妻权力关系方面错综复杂、起伏跌宕的婚姻历程。研究发现,在大家庭里,当父权起主导作用时,年轻夫妻均无权力,婆婆受父权的保护,受父权压迫最大的是家中儿媳。在反哺阶段,夫权往往用来保证男方的父母老有所养,而非完全满足男方的私利。夫妻之间,妻子通过生育子嗣和参与家庭事务逐步纳入父系体系,增强了丈夫对她们维系父系家庭的依赖性,在一定程度上抑制了夫权对她们的约束。本文展示了至少在中国部分的父系继嗣家庭中,当夫权遇到父权时,性别与代际权力出现多重性,易变性和内争性,从而造成夫权时强时弱,时有时无,既同父权遥相呼应,又与其发生冲突。因此,中国传统男权家庭中妇女的地位在一生中是变动不定的。中国妇女在父系家庭中的地位也只有放置于纵(父权)横(夫权)两个轴心当中,通观她们的全部生活历史才能完全展示出来。     

浅谈我国政治体制改革的必要性

自改革开放以来,中国政治体制改革已经取得许多成果,如社会主义基本政治制度的进一步完善,依法治国方略的有效实施,尊重和保障人权写进宪法,一国两制的成功实现等等。在社会转型与政府机构改革交织的关键时期,必须继续深化政治体制改革,才能更好地巩固改革成果,从而顺应我国经济和社会发展的需要。     

简·奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观

英国女作家简.奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中,用富有戏剧色彩的笔墨轻松幽默地讲述了几对青年男女的爱情故事并从中表达了自己对婚姻的看法。但这种婚姻观是对婚姻的误解,无论在什么时代,都是很难行得通的。     

浅议青少年犯罪的成因和预防

近年来青少年犯罪节节攀升,成胁着我国社会秩序的正常运行。青少年犯罪,除了青少年自身的生理和心理因素外,更涉及社会制度、学校、家庭管理等各个层面。只有通过完善社会制度、加强青少年素质教育、改善社会风气等,才能达到预防和减少青少年犯罪的目的。     

我国贫富分化境况浅析

我国贫富分化问题现已越来越严重,主要表现为：城乡差距悬殊,地区差距明显和部门行业之间差距扩大,这主要是由自然条件和生态条件不同、教育投入与资本投入不均衡和社会保障滞后等问题所导致。今后应采取从严控制人口数量、合理利用资源、注重发展农村经济、加强地区间的协调发展、努力发展社会保障事业、借鉴国外成功经验等措施,来对此进行有效控制。