论明末科举文风的文学效应

明代末年以研讨八股文兼及诗文创作的文社大量兴起,明末文学家大多经过文社的培养而享誉文坛,社团文人成为文坛的主要文人群体.作为备科举考试的社团文人,在社团内接受科举考试训练和八股文创作的学习,同时又从事诗文创作.社团文人的科举思维对他们的诗文创作具有深刻影响,形成明末文坛以六经为根柢的儒者古文.社团文人创作往往借鉴时文法入古文,或者借鉴古文法入时文,使明末文学创作与理论批评具有不同以往的鲜明特色.     

马克思恩格斯对社会自然历史过程的揭示

马克思主义哲学揭示了社会的运动是一个自然历史过程。这一揭示是通过马克思主义哲学区别 于一切旧哲学的物质概念,通过对人的本质的不同于旧哲学的理解,通过对辩证法、逻辑与历史统一 的方法的运用而实现的。     

Micro-models of criminal careers: A synthesis of the criminal careers and life course approaches via semiparametric mixed poisson regression models,with empirical applications

Much recent research and debate in criminology have centered around how to conceptualize and model longitudinal sequences of delinquent and criminal acts committed by individuals. Two approaches dominate this controversy. One originates in thecriminal careers paradigm, which emphasizes a potentialheterogeneity of offending groups in the general population—thus leading to a distinction between incidence and prevalence of criminal offending, a focus on the onset, persistence, and desistence of criminal careers, and the possibility that criminals are a distinctive group with constant high rates of offending. Another approach places criminal events within a broader context ofstudies of the life course by explicitly substituting the conceptualization of “social events” for that of “criminal careers”. With respect to analytical models, this approach emphasizes a potentialheterogeneity of offenders with respect to order of criminal events from first to second to higher orders and thus suggests an analysis of the “risks” or “hazards” of offending by order of offense. Some extant commentaries on the criminal careers and life course approaches to conceptualizing and modeling longitudinal sequences of delinquent and criminal events committed by individuals have emphasized their differences and incompatibilities. In contrast, we apply recently developed semiparametric mixed Poisson regression techniques to develop conditions under which the two conceptual/modeling approaches are formally equivalent. We also modify the semiparametric mixed Poisson regression model of criminal careers to incorporate information on order of the delinquent/criminal event and develop an empirical application. This modification demonstrates the complementarity of the criminal careers and life course approaches, even though they have somewhat different foci.     

THE EFFECTS OF LIFE CIRCUMSTANCES ON LONGITUDINAL TRAJECTORIES OF OFFENDING*

This study, which is based on individual criminal careers over a 60‐year period, focuses on the development of criminal behavior. It first examines the impact that life circumstances such as work and marriage have on offending, then tests whether the effects of these circumstances are different for different groups of offenders, and finally examines the extent to which the age‐crime relationship at the aggregate level can be explained by age‐graded differences in life circumstances. Official data were retrieved for a 4‐percent (N=4,615) sample of all individuals whose criminal case was tried in the Netherlands in 1977. Self‐report data were derived from a nationally representative survey administered in the Netherlands in 1996 to 2,244 individuals aged 15 years or older. In analyzing this data, we use semi‐parametric group‐based models. Results indicate that life circumstances substantially influence the chances of criminal behavior, and that the effects of these circumstances on offending differ across offender groups. Age‐graded changes in life circumstances, however, explain the aggregate age‐crime relationship only to a modest extent.     

DRUG USE AND DESISTANCE PROCESSES

Sampson and Laub's age‐graded theory of informal social control emphasizes the importance of adult social bonds such as marriage and stable employment in redirecting behavior in a more prosocial direction. Heavy alcohol use has also been shown to influence persistent patterns of offending as well as more episodic offending across the life course. Sampson and Laub's life‐course theory emphasizes the negative impact of alcohol use on marital and employment bonds. Although alcohol has indeed been shown to have significant effects on criminal offending, we argue that drug use and the drug culture in which many contemporary offenders are enmeshed have consequences that often complicate desistance processes in ways that alcohol does not. Drug use and its lifestyle concomitants bring together a host of distinctive social dynamics that compromise multiple life domains. The current project investigates the role of drug use on desistance processes relying on a contemporary sample of previously institutionalized youth. We draw on three waves of data from the Ohio life‐course study, a project that spans some 21 years. The results support the assertion that drug use exerts unique effects on desistance processes, once levels of alcohol use are taken into account. We investigate possible mechanisms that help to explain the differential impact of drug use on offending and find that social network effects, particularly partner criminality, explain some but not all of the negative impact of drug use on life‐course patterns of criminal offending.     

文化差异对外语写作中语篇构建和思维模式的影响

本文以国外学者对语篇构建以及思维模式的论述为对照,对四川外语学院三个班的本科一年级学生和一个研究生班的学生进行分组调查。统计结果分析表明,文化差异对学生的思维模式以及他们在写作过程中的语篇组织都有很大的影响。要以此来使学生注意到这种差异,从而对西方的思维模式和语篇构建方式进行有效的模仿,才能写出更地道的英语作文。     

21世纪中国美学史研究之构想

21世纪的中国美学史研究应当实现美学思想和审美形态的结合 ,克服把中国美学史写成美学理论史的偏向。美学史的撰写可围绕历史复活、现时视界、现象描述、经验揭示几方面来展开 ,还需要有史感———体现出巨大的思想深度和深邃的历史感 ,而构合为史感的 ,应是当时性的呈示和历时性的展示。在基本撰述方式上 ,应以描述与评价、史实与史论、判断与感悟、思辨与体验、个案分析与整体把握、实地考察与资料占有相结合。     

报业革新与产业化进程引发的思考

网络媒体声势浩大,信息技术的发展也在大步前行,社会已悄然迈进了信息时代,传媒业已成为迅速增长的产业。而面对这一潜力巨大的市场,面对境外集团的大兵压境,传媒业的惟一出路就在于发展自己的媒介产业,形成自己的规模与实力,形成足够的抵抗力和竞争力,只有如此,才能在巨大资本入陆和市场竞争洪流面前立于不败之地。     

汉代实用文形式的俗赋考论

汉代文人借用仪式文、契约、寻人启事、农谚以及歌诀等实用文形式创作的作品,嘲谑谐趣,语言通俗.韵诵是其主要传播方式,文体上整齐和谐的节奏和韵律是这种传播方式的反映.它们属于俗赋的范畴.     

周予同主编《中国历史文选》校注商略

周予同先生主编的《中国历史选》在各高校历史系中已使用多年，但在校注方面还存在诸多问题，如古今地名对照多有差错，标点亦有误点，少量字还存在讹误，许多清代人物的资料出处亦与事实不符，本对书中的有关问题予以考证。