标准的知识产权管理策略刍议

随着高新技术的快速发展,标准的知识产权逐渐引起人们的关注.本文介绍了国外主要标准组织的标准知识产权管理策略,从权属的角度标准划分其标准的知识产权管理类型,并且分析了标准与知识产权的关系,提出我国国家标准的知识产权管理策略的构想.     

技术侦察中应用数字图像技术问题探讨

数字图像技术与传统图像技术比较有许多长处,应用于秘密照相取证、秘密录像取证及电子监控取证等技术侦察工作中有助于提高查控犯罪效率。应用中应保证正确性、有效性,提高规范化水平。     

犯罪理论体系研究导论

犯罪理论体系是由一系列关于犯罪的条件、形态、种类、刑事责任等的概念、范畴、原理、原则依一定关系组成的有层次、有结构的知识系统,它是关于犯罪的(立法与司法)实践的理论化与系统化,是在理论与实践的互动过程中形成和发展起来的。任何犯罪理论体系都有自己的结构、要素与功能。犯罪理论体系一般具有解释、认识、预见、评价和创制5大功能。决定理论体系的科学性有两个主要的标准:外在标准和内在标准。构建犯罪理论体系的方法是:"从抽象上升到具体"、"逻辑与历史相统一"和"系统论",它们相辅相成,都是构建犯罪理论体系的科学方法。     

对公共财政基本特征的思考

随着市场经济的发展，实行市场经济体制的国家大部分建立了“公共财政”的财政运行体制。它们形式各异、侧重点多样，但都具有满足社会公共需要、立足于非盈利性、收支行为规范化三个方面的特征。我国应以费改税为契机，尽快取消制度外政府收支，逐步将非税收入全部纳入预算管理，实行综合财政预算，形成覆盖政府所有收支的公共预算。     

COMRADES OR CULPRITS? DONOR ENGAGEMENT AND BUDGET TRANSPARENCY IN AID‐DEPENDENT COUNTRIES

Budget transparency has come to be considered a key aspect of governance. Over the past decade, donors have invested increasing resources in strengthening processes through which budget transparency in developing countries can be enhanced. According to the 2008 Open Budget Index (OBI) Report, however, aid dependency and budget transparency appear to be inversely correlated. This article looks at the role of donor agencies in promoting or preventing budget transparency in aid‐dependent countries. It looks at significant correlations across the whole sample of 84 countries covered in the 2008 OBI, and analyzes more specific data for a sub‐sample of 16 aid‐dependent countries, before selecting six countries for which more detailed findings are then presented. All of these countries have implemented reforms aimed at enhancing budget transparency, with substantial donor support. These, however, often had only limited success, partly because they were not well adapted to the local context, and partly because donors put limited emphasis on improving public access to budget information. Donor efforts were also often offset by other characteristics of donor interventions, namely their fragmentation, lack of transparency, and limited use of programme aid modalities such as budget support and pooled sector funding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

日本老年人雇佣政策及其对中国的启示

日本已进入人口减少及超老龄社会,劳动力不足问题将会制约日本经济未来的发展。为了解决劳动力不足问题,促进老年人就业,日本政府修改了《老年人雇佣稳定法》,制定了继续雇佣制度。这些法律和政策的实施在一定程度上缓解了劳动力短缺问题,基本保障了日本老年人的收入及就业稳定。但也存在大多数企业与职工签订短期非正式雇佣合同等问题。这些经验和问题可为中国进一步完善《老年人权益保障法》及促进老年人再就业提供借鉴。     

我国行政复议证据制度的突出问题与完善路径

我国行政复议证据制度存在的问题主要是举证责任规定不够全面、证据开示和质证有所缺失、证据认定规则缺失、证明标准可操作性不强且严苛。修改的方向和原则应当是准司法化、兼顾效率与公正、内容体系化。具体来说,应当在总则中规定总体要求,完善举证责任制度,增加证据交换、保全、排除、自认、补强制度,限制复议机关所调取证据的效力,根据行政复议的目的和使命合理设定证明标准,对证据和程序两部分的内容分类归并,等等。     

What does method validation look like for forensic voice comparison by a human expert?

Method validation has gained traction within forensic speech science. The community recognises the need to demonstrate that the analysis methods used are valid, but finding a way to do so has been more straightforward for some analysis methods than for others. This article addresses the issue of method validation for the Auditory Phonetic and Acoustic (AuPhA) approach to forensic voice comparison. Although it is possible to take inspiration from general regulatory guidance on method validation, it is clear that these cannot be transposed on to all forensic analysis methods with the same degree of success. Particularly with respect to an analysis method like AuPhA, and in a field of the size and characteristics of forensic speech science, a bespoke approach to method validation is required. In this article we address the discussions that have been taking place around method validation, and illustrate one possible solution to demonstrating the validity of voice comparison by a human expert using the AuPhA method. In doing so we consider the constraints placed on sole practitioners, which generally go unacknowledged.     

Juror adjustments to the reasonable doubt standard of proof

The standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt is based on the law's primary motivation to avoid false conviction even at the expense of increasing the probability of false acquittal. Individual jurors, however, have common sense motivations to make factually correct decisions by avoiding both types of error. As a result jurors may interpret the standard of reasonable doubt correctly but deviate from that interpretation in predictable ways when they apply the standard in court. This study makes three hypotheses: (1) jurors are less confident when deciding on acquittal than when deciding upon conviction, (2) conviction is associated with a downward adjustment of the interpreted stringency of the standard at the time of application, and (3) a highly stringent interpretation of the standard is associated with a severe downward adjustment of that stringency at the time of application. The study asked 260 juror-eligible participants to examine a trial scenario. The participants first interpreted the stringency of the legal standard on a probability scale. They then judged the probability of the defendant's guilt, decided on a verdict, and rated their confidence in that verdict. The findings strongly supported all three hypotheses. Application and implication of the study were discussed.     

论佛教道德及其现实意义

佛教本身是一种出世的宗教,以追求生死解脱为核心,却有着浓厚的入世精神和人文关怀.但是今天佛教面临着现代社会的诸多挑战,我们不得不承认佛教的命运决定于对社会的关怀,佛教的价值决定于对21世纪人类社会的作用。在构建社会主义和谐社会的进程中,如何发挥佛教的作用,也决定着中国佛教的未来发展走向。