浅谈教书育人的谋略方法

随着社会的快速发展,人们越来越多地把心理学、教育学、行为学、军事学、兵法等知识运用到实际工作中去.心理学、兵法等知识已经越来越广泛地被运用到高校教书育人工作的实践中,并取得了较好的实效.运用"出奇不意法"、"低姿平视法"、"快乐感染法"、"曲线射门法"、"趴下站起法"等八法的育人作用,会收到比较好的效果.     

论证明标准的多元化与具体化

鉴于同一诉讼类型的不同案件甚至同一案件在不同诉讼阶段中的不同证明对象等因素的影响,为了避免证明标准“表述抽象,缺乏可操作性”,应当沿着证明标准多元化的基本思路,将“具体化与多元化相结合”作为证明标准问题研究的基本方向。     

Effects of judicial instructions and juror characteristics on interpretations of beyond reasonable doubt

The standard of proof, beyond reasonable doubt (BRD), serves as a threshold for reaching verdicts in criminal cases. Past research has demonstrated that factors such as the wording of judicial instructions defining the standard can influence people's interpretation of it. In addition, there is some concern that instructions may not be effective for the wider jury-eligible population. In an experimental study involving members of the general public, we examined the effect of two commonly used judicial instructions (i.e. sure and firmly convinced) against a situation when BRD was undefined, on people's quantitative interpretations of BRD as well as on their self-reported understanding of the standard and confidence in applying it. We also explored the effect of juror characteristics (i.e. gender, age and education). Compared to when the standard was undefined, the sure instruction helped to reduce inter-individual variability in interpretations of BRD and the firmly convinced instruction increased people's understanding of the standard. However, neither instruction was effective in increasing confidence in applying the standard or in reducing observed individual differences. These findings underscore the importance of developing evidence-based judicial instructions that can benefit the broad jury-eligible population equally and in a variety of ways.     

The suitability of visual taphonomic methods for digital photographs: An experimental approach with pig carcasses in a tropical climate

In the context of increased scrutiny of the methods in forensic sciences, it is essential to ensure that the approaches used in forensic taphonomy to measure decomposition and estimate the postmortem interval are underpinned by robust evidence-based data. Digital photographs are an important source of documentation in forensic taphonomic investigations but the suitability of the current approaches for photographs, rather than real-time remains, is poorly studied which can undermine accurate forensic conclusions. The present study aimed to investigate the suitability of 2D colour digital photographs for evaluating decomposition of exposed human analogues (Sus scrofa domesticus) in a tropical savanna environment (Hawaii), using two published scoring methods; Megyesi et al., 2005 and Keough et al., 2017. It was found that there were significant differences between the real-time and photograph decomposition scores when the Megyesi et al. method was used. However, the Keough et al. method applied to photographs reflected real-time decomposition more closely and thus appears more suitable to evaluate pig decomposition from 2D photographs. The findings indicate that the type of scoring method used has a significant impact on the ability to accurately evaluate the decomposition of exposed pig carcasses from photographs. It was further identified that photographic taphonomic analysis can reach high inter-observer reproducibility. These novel findings are of significant importance for the forensic sciences as they highlight the potential for high quality photograph coverage to provide useful complementary information for the forensic taphonomic investigation. New recommendations to develop robust transparent approaches adapted to photographs in forensic taphonomy are suggested based on these findings.     

Robots,standards and the law: Rivalries between private standards and public policymaking for robot governance

This article explains the complex intertwinement between public and private regulators in the case of robot technology. Public policymaking ensures broad multi-stakeholder protected scope, but its abstractness often fails in intelligibility and applicability. Private standards, on the contrary, are more concrete and applicable, but most of the times they are voluntary and reflect industry interests. The ‘better regulation’ approach of the EU may increase the use of evidence to inform policy and lawmaking, and the involvement of different stakeholders. Current hard-lawmaking instruments do not appear to take advantage of the knowledge produced by standard-based regulations, virtually wasting their potential benefits. This fact affects the legal certainty with regards to a fast-paced changing environment like robotics. In this paper, we investigate the challenges of overlapping public/private regulatory initiatives that govern robot technologies in general, and in the concrete of healthcare robot technologies. We wonder until what extent robotics should be governed only by standards. We also reflect on how public policymaking could increase their technical understanding of robot technology to devise an applicable and comprehensive framework for this technology. In this respect, we propose different ways to integrate the technical know-how into policymaking (e.g., collecting the data/knowledge generated from the impact assessments in shared data repositories, and using it for evidence-based policies) and to strengthen the legitimacy of standards.     

论证明的协调性

“协调性”所蕴含的本质特征包括:匹配性、一致性、完整闭合性和动态性方面。协调作为高级表现形式的价值理由在于协调不存在对立价值。协调是平衡诸价值的价值,即价值体系中的核心,其他价值正是通过相互协调升华为一个完整的价值体系。证据群作为证据通往事实的中间环节而存在,它构成相对于单个证据更高阶的证据层面,同时又低位于最终事实,用以解决证据组合问题的一种中介性工具。证据规则的协调性包括两个方面:一是证据规则与证明事实相协调与否;二是证据规则之间相协调与否。     

行政审判中的规则阐明问题研究

规则阐明是司法活动的一项主要内容。法官在审理案件的过程中,解决一系列事实和法律问题,都遵循着一定的规则,发现和阐明这些规则,对提高案件质量、提升司法权威都具有十分积极的作用。行政审判有自身的特点,其纷繁的法律关系和复杂的行政管理活动,为行政法官进行规则阐明提供了广阔的空间,同时也提出了更高的要求。规则阐明是指法官对所要适用的规则进行解释,阐述其涵义,解释规则适用的情境、适用于本案的合理性,包括事实规则、法律规则、法理规则阐明。阐明基础有:行政法基本原则、行政行为构成、行政权与司法权关系、经验政策。阐明方法包括利益权衡、依法解释、区别与类推。中国应当构建现代司法规则阐明制度,完善裁判说理制度,设立规则阐明的激励机制,借鉴判例法制度合理因素,建立规则引用制度。     

小青龙汤对慢性肾炎寒饮蕴肺证大鼠模型的药效学研究

目的 观察小青龙汤对慢性肾炎寒饮蕴肺证大鼠相关实验室指标的影响。方法 将60只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组和小青龙汤组,每组20只。采用强迫大鼠在冷水中疲劳游泳和腹腔注射小牛血清白蛋白的方式复制慢性肾炎寒饮蕴肺证模型。观察3组大鼠一般情况;实验第6、7、8周时连续检测24 h尿蛋白;实验第8周时,检测尿表皮生长因子（epidermal growth factor, EGF）、血清肌酐（serum creatinine, SCr）、血尿素氮（blood urea nitrogen, BUN）、血清白蛋白（albumin, ALB）、血清总胆固醇（total cholesterol, TC）水平;光镜下观察大鼠肾组织形态学变化。结果 小青龙汤可改善模型大鼠的一般状况。实验第6、7、8周时,小青龙汤可明显降低模型大鼠升高的24 h尿蛋白含量（P<0.05）;实验第8周时,小青龙汤可明显降低模型大鼠升高的尿EGF、SCr、BUN和血清TC水平（P<0.05）,明显升高模型大鼠降低的血清ALB水平。光镜下显示,小青龙汤可防止肾小球体积增大和系膜细胞增多,防止肾小管上皮细胞肿胀。结论 小青龙汤具有降低慢性肾炎寒饮蕴肺证大鼠尿蛋白水平,保护肾功能和防止肾组织病理变化的作用。     

刑侦实践性教学探析

刑侦实践性教学应树立要素完善化、方法科学化、要求综合化理念;按认识案情、制定侦查方案和实施侦查方案三大模块进行;形式主要有参观、案例研讨和模拟操作等;对学生的指导通常从巩固已学知识、促成学生互教和讲评等三个方面进行;要切实解决条件、师资和课时等深层次问题。     

认罪认罚从宽制度中的证据规则：检讨与重构

认罪认罚从宽试点制度中无论是原则性的证据规则还是具体性的证据规则都存在很多问题,严重影响了认罪认罚从宽制度的有效实施。新修改的《刑事诉讼法》对认罪认罚从宽制度予以确认,但是对其涉及的特殊性的证据规则鲜有涉及。认罪认罚从宽制度的证明标准应采取定罪证明标准与量刑标准相互区分的双阶标准,以充分体现认罪认罚从宽案件的特殊性。认罪认罚从宽制度中的具体性证据规则,包括侦查阶段重点重构有关保障认罪自愿性的取证规则;起诉阶段的具体性证据规则突出认罪认罚的量刑合意证据规则;审判阶段的具体性证据规则要体现事实审查和自愿性认罪的双审查具体性证据核查规则以及认罪撤回的证据规则。在认罪认罚从宽制度中的证据规则的立法路径上,必须考虑中国审判为中心的诉讼制度改革的要求,将证据性规则与程序性规则,将实体性证据规则与程序性证据规则有机统合在认罪认罚从宽制度的文本中。